1
00:00:08,450 --> 00:00:04,910
welcome to the Space Telescope public

2
00:00:11,690 --> 00:00:08,460
lecture series tonight's talk exploring

3
00:00:13,129 --> 00:00:11,700
Rocky worlds on the precipice of a new

4
00:00:16,369 --> 00:00:13,139
frontier

5
00:00:19,490 --> 00:00:16,379
hold on a second ah

6
00:00:21,710 --> 00:00:19,500
there we go sorry I had a computer uh

7
00:00:24,050 --> 00:00:21,720
malfunctioned to my left here all right

8
00:00:26,990 --> 00:00:24,060
I am

9
00:00:28,429 --> 00:00:27,000
Dr Frank Summers your host uh an

10
00:00:30,830 --> 00:00:28,439
astronomer in the office of public

11
00:00:33,830 --> 00:00:30,840
Outreach here at the Space Telescope

12
00:00:36,470 --> 00:00:33,840
Science Institute I want to thank our

13
00:00:40,610 --> 00:00:36,480
amazing Tech Team Thomas murufu and

14
00:00:42,889 --> 00:00:40,620
Grant Justice for not only creating this

15
00:00:44,450 --> 00:00:42,899
uh the webcast but also streaming it

16
00:00:47,209 --> 00:00:44,460
live to YouTube

17
00:00:51,410 --> 00:00:47,219
as a reminder we will continue to be

18
00:00:56,029 --> 00:00:51,420
online only throughout 2023.

19
00:00:59,569 --> 00:00:56,039
our upcoming talks on May 2nd Galaxy

20
00:01:02,930 --> 00:00:59,579
clusters slash Frontier Fields Amanda

21
00:01:05,870 --> 00:01:02,940
hasn't given me an exact Topic at the

22
00:01:07,969 --> 00:01:05,880
title yet but our topic are these huge

23
00:01:10,910 --> 00:01:07,979
clusters of galaxies that cause

24
00:01:13,550 --> 00:01:10,920
gravitational lensing okay uh the

25
00:01:16,190 --> 00:01:13,560
largest uh bound structures in the

26
00:01:19,910 --> 00:01:16,200
universe and she will discuss those in

27
00:01:23,510 --> 00:01:19,920
May in June we have a very special

28
00:01:25,910 --> 00:01:23,520
presentation uh we will have a science

29
00:01:28,850 --> 00:01:25,920
conference for the Roman Space Telescope

30
00:01:31,730 --> 00:01:28,860
in June and they have brought in some

31
00:01:33,950 --> 00:01:31,740
special speakers for that conference and

32
00:01:37,190 --> 00:01:33,960
they will have speakers speaking on the

33
00:01:39,289 --> 00:01:37,200
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope but

34
00:01:42,469 --> 00:01:39,299
they haven't given me the full list of

35
00:01:45,050 --> 00:01:42,479
speakers yet one of them uh will be I

36
00:01:48,710 --> 00:01:45,060
believe Joan Gordon who will talk on the

37
00:01:51,350 --> 00:01:48,720
history of Nancy Grace Roman herself and

38
00:01:54,109 --> 00:01:51,360
the other speaker who is as yet undeter

39
00:01:56,389 --> 00:01:54,119
and we'll be speaking on the science

40
00:01:58,609 --> 00:01:56,399
that will be done with the Roman Space

41
00:02:02,090 --> 00:01:58,619
Telescope so I'll have more information

42
00:02:04,249 --> 00:02:02,100
for you next month as that gets firmed

43
00:02:05,990 --> 00:02:04,259
up but since it's going to be held

44
00:02:07,730 --> 00:02:06,000
during the conference it is not going to

45
00:02:10,249 --> 00:02:07,740
be on the first Tuesday like our usual

46
00:02:13,910 --> 00:02:10,259
talks are it's going to be I guess this

47
00:02:17,630 --> 00:02:13,920
is the third or fourth Thursday on June

48
00:02:19,130 --> 00:02:17,640
22nd and it'll be held at 4 30 P.M to

49
00:02:22,430 --> 00:02:19,140
coincide with their conference so their

50
00:02:23,570 --> 00:02:22,440
conference attendees can actually be

51
00:02:26,869 --> 00:02:23,580
part of it

52
00:02:30,410 --> 00:02:26,879
and then in July we have our Infamous

53
00:02:32,690 --> 00:02:30,420
TBD for title and TBD for speaker which

54
00:02:35,809 --> 00:02:32,700
means I haven't corralled somebody for

55
00:02:38,449 --> 00:02:35,819
the July Talk and actually I might be

56
00:02:41,690 --> 00:02:38,459
giving that talk myself uh speaking on

57
00:02:44,509 --> 00:02:41,700
one of our visualization projects stay

58
00:02:48,790 --> 00:02:44,519
tuned how you do you stay tuned you ask

59
00:02:54,589 --> 00:02:52,250
www.stsci.edu public hyphen lectures

60
00:02:57,170 --> 00:02:54,599
that's where you'll find this web page

61
00:03:00,410 --> 00:02:57,180
uh in the lower left you'll find a link

62
00:03:02,410 --> 00:03:00,420
to our webcasts uh both

63
00:03:05,930 --> 00:03:02,420
um our stsc I

64
00:03:08,089 --> 00:03:05,940
webcasting as well as the playlist on

65
00:03:09,949 --> 00:03:08,099
YouTube and if you want to get our

66
00:03:12,229 --> 00:03:09,959
announcements in the lower right you can

67
00:03:13,850 --> 00:03:12,239
enter your email address and hit that

68
00:03:16,369 --> 00:03:13,860
subscribe button

69
00:03:19,430 --> 00:03:16,379
also on that web page we have a list of

70
00:03:22,369 --> 00:03:19,440
our upcoming lectures and once a lecture

71
00:03:24,050 --> 00:03:22,379
has happened you will get the

72
00:03:26,330 --> 00:03:24,060
information about it the title the

73
00:03:28,490 --> 00:03:26,340
description the link to the stsci

74
00:03:30,410 --> 00:03:28,500
webcast and the link to the YouTube

75
00:03:33,410 --> 00:03:30,420
webcast

76
00:03:34,670 --> 00:03:33,420
as I said we have an email list of the

77
00:03:37,309 --> 00:03:34,680
now for the announcements that you can

78
00:03:39,890 --> 00:03:37,319
sign up on our website another way to

79
00:03:42,890 --> 00:03:39,900
get notifications is to subscribe to our

80
00:03:46,190 --> 00:03:42,900
YouTube channel youtube.com Hubble Space

81
00:03:48,289 --> 00:03:46,200
Telescope all one word you'll get the

82
00:03:51,470 --> 00:03:48,299
notices of new videos as well as

83
00:03:53,750 --> 00:03:51,480
reminders of Live Events such as this

84
00:03:56,270 --> 00:03:53,760
and if you have comments or questions

85
00:03:57,830 --> 00:03:56,280
you want to send me an email and tell me

86
00:03:59,990 --> 00:03:57,840
what we did right what we did wrong what

87
00:04:02,330 --> 00:04:00,000
you'd like to see send it to public

88
00:04:04,729 --> 00:04:02,340
lecture at stsci.edu

89
00:04:06,949 --> 00:04:04,739
[Music]

90
00:04:09,949 --> 00:04:06,959
I also would like to mention that we

91
00:04:11,570 --> 00:04:09,959
have social media for the we do social

92
00:04:13,490 --> 00:04:11,580
media for the Hubble Space Telescope for

93
00:04:15,949 --> 00:04:13,500
the web Space Telescope and for the

94
00:04:18,409 --> 00:04:15,959
Space Telescope Science Institute and

95
00:04:21,409 --> 00:04:18,419
here are the handles on Facebook Twitter

96
00:04:24,530 --> 00:04:21,419
Youtube and Instagram

97
00:04:26,810 --> 00:04:24,540
um your host me is not a social media

98
00:04:28,430 --> 00:04:26,820
Maven I only do a tiny bit mostly

99
00:04:31,969 --> 00:04:28,440
actually about the public lecture series

100
00:04:33,950 --> 00:04:31,979
uh but if you want those notices you can

101
00:04:36,950 --> 00:04:33,960
follow me on Facebook as Dr Frank

102
00:04:39,830 --> 00:04:36,960
Summers or on Twitter at Dr Frank

103
00:04:45,110 --> 00:04:42,710
the news from the universe for April

104
00:04:47,629 --> 00:04:45,120
2023

105
00:04:50,930 --> 00:04:47,639
our first story tonight

106
00:04:53,330 --> 00:04:50,940
stormy times on Jupiter

107
00:04:55,870 --> 00:04:53,340
we are going to be talking about the

108
00:04:58,909 --> 00:04:55,880
opal program the outer planets

109
00:05:01,490 --> 00:04:58,919
atmosphere's Legacy program and this is

110
00:05:04,670 --> 00:05:01,500
a multi-year program that has been

111
00:05:06,590 --> 00:05:04,680
running on Hubble it's Amy Simon and

112
00:05:09,710 --> 00:05:06,600
collaborators and you can see that the

113
00:05:13,070 --> 00:05:09,720
original paper was out in 2015 and so

114
00:05:15,530 --> 00:05:13,080
each year they get was as Earth swings

115
00:05:18,530 --> 00:05:15,540
by the outer planets a Jupiter Saturn

116
00:05:22,070 --> 00:05:18,540
Uranus and Neptune they get Hubble's

117
00:05:24,409 --> 00:05:22,080
best images of those planets in order to

118
00:05:27,050 --> 00:05:24,419
study changes in the atmosphere

119
00:05:30,950 --> 00:05:27,060
and this time we're going to take a look

120
00:05:33,490 --> 00:05:30,960
at the recent images of Jupiter so here

121
00:05:36,830 --> 00:05:33,500
is an image of Jupiter from November uh

122
00:05:38,749 --> 00:05:36,840
2022 all right when Earth swung past uh

123
00:05:41,029 --> 00:05:38,759
swung past Jupiter in its order because

124
00:05:43,430 --> 00:05:41,039
Earth is moving faster than Jupiter is

125
00:05:45,950 --> 00:05:43,440
moving slow and Earth is moving fast and

126
00:05:48,950 --> 00:05:45,960
so as Earth comes by they're at their

127
00:05:50,450 --> 00:05:48,960
closest okay and one of the things you

128
00:05:53,689 --> 00:05:50,460
notice about is you notice that black

129
00:05:56,270 --> 00:05:53,699
spot why is there a spot well that's

130
00:06:00,409 --> 00:05:56,280
because there is a moon in this image as

131
00:06:02,029 --> 00:06:00,419
well that is the moon IO uh the

132
00:06:05,810 --> 00:06:02,039
innermost of the Galilean moons of

133
00:06:08,510 --> 00:06:05,820
Jupiter and that is its shadow cast on

134
00:06:10,070 --> 00:06:08,520
the atmosphere of Jupiter so that's that

135
00:06:12,050 --> 00:06:10,080
definitely a change in Rupert's

136
00:06:14,270 --> 00:06:12,060
atmosphere but it's periodic okay

137
00:06:16,249 --> 00:06:14,280
actually it's kind of you know

138
00:06:19,189 --> 00:06:16,259
kind of cool that if you lived on

139
00:06:21,469 --> 00:06:19,199
Jupiter you'd get a lot more solar

140
00:06:24,170 --> 00:06:21,479
eclipses because you know IO goes around

141
00:06:26,330 --> 00:06:24,180
and that shadow goes across the face of

142
00:06:28,670 --> 00:06:26,340
Jupiter mostly every time the dial goes

143
00:06:30,710 --> 00:06:28,680
past so you know they get a lot more

144
00:06:32,990 --> 00:06:30,720
total solar eclipses than we do here on

145
00:06:35,270 --> 00:06:33,000
Earth okay but that's not what we're

146
00:06:37,790 --> 00:06:35,280
looking about uh we're looking at the

147
00:06:41,150 --> 00:06:37,800
atmosphere and we compare how the

148
00:06:45,290 --> 00:06:41,160
atmosphere changes and we also got this

149
00:06:47,050 --> 00:06:45,300
image from January 2023 and you can see

150
00:06:50,570 --> 00:06:47,060
that Jupiter has changed by getting

151
00:06:53,450 --> 00:06:50,580
smaller huh somehow unlike the rest of

152
00:06:55,670 --> 00:06:53,460
us it lost weight over the holidays

153
00:06:59,029 --> 00:06:55,680
no that is a joke

154
00:07:00,469 --> 00:06:59,039
um this is actually just due uh to a

155
00:07:02,629 --> 00:07:00,479
change in perspective

156
00:07:05,150 --> 00:07:02,639
so here is what we call the compass

157
00:07:08,210 --> 00:07:05,160
image and you can see those scale bars

158
00:07:12,350 --> 00:07:08,220
uh down here uh and over here right

159
00:07:14,749 --> 00:07:12,360
those scale bars are the same all right

160
00:07:17,390 --> 00:07:14,759
um and the problem is is that

161
00:07:20,809 --> 00:07:17,400
um what happened was between November

162
00:07:24,770 --> 00:07:20,819
and January Earth got

163
00:07:26,809 --> 00:07:24,780
20 percent further away okay it got uh

164
00:07:30,290 --> 00:07:26,819
went from like around 400 million miles

165
00:07:33,170 --> 00:07:30,300
to 480 Million Miles Away From Jupiter

166
00:07:36,650 --> 00:07:33,180
therefore Jupiter got 20 percent smaller

167
00:07:38,390 --> 00:07:36,660
okay so uh that's why Jupiter appears

168
00:07:41,450 --> 00:07:38,400
smaller in the general image because we

169
00:07:44,749 --> 00:07:41,460
kept them to the same angular scale

170
00:07:46,670 --> 00:07:44,759
um so uh you'll also note in the January

171
00:07:49,730 --> 00:07:46,680
image there is another moon this is

172
00:07:51,529 --> 00:07:49,740
Ganymede okay but again that's not what

173
00:07:54,469 --> 00:07:51,539
we're talking about I'm just we

174
00:07:56,270 --> 00:07:54,479
sometimes often get pictures allayan

175
00:07:58,610 --> 00:07:56,280
moons and we take pictures of Jupiter

176
00:08:00,950 --> 00:07:58,620
it's kind of cool all right what we're

177
00:08:03,409 --> 00:08:00,960
really talking about is this stuff over

178
00:08:05,450 --> 00:08:03,419
here you see all those ovals in the

179
00:08:09,050 --> 00:08:05,460
November image okay and they're how

180
00:08:10,909 --> 00:08:09,060
they're all lined up those are storms on

181
00:08:13,610 --> 00:08:10,919
Jupiter and look at just how many of

182
00:08:16,129 --> 00:08:13,620
those ovals there are especially in that

183
00:08:19,430 --> 00:08:16,139
one linear feature all right and this

184
00:08:21,710 --> 00:08:19,440
reminds me of what happened back in 2006

185
00:08:24,529 --> 00:08:21,720
2008

186
00:08:27,110 --> 00:08:24,539
um when three storms at this latitude

187
00:08:30,830 --> 00:08:27,120
merge to combine and form what's called

188
00:08:32,810 --> 00:08:30,840
oval ba all right and oval B8 is a

189
00:08:37,130 --> 00:08:32,820
larger storm that merged from three

190
00:08:38,870 --> 00:08:37,140
smaller storms okay at the time oval B A

191
00:08:41,089 --> 00:08:38,880
was red

192
00:08:42,829 --> 00:08:41,099
um and uh it was compared to the Great

193
00:08:45,410 --> 00:08:42,839
Red Spot which you see in the January

194
00:08:47,329 --> 00:08:45,420
image and so we called it red spot

195
00:08:50,509 --> 00:08:47,339
Junior

196
00:08:52,610 --> 00:08:50,519
um and uh it has since then ceased to be

197
00:08:54,769 --> 00:08:52,620
read so we're now back to calling it

198
00:08:57,590 --> 00:08:54,779
oval ba because red spot Junior doesn't

199
00:08:59,570 --> 00:08:57,600
really make much sense okay and so you

200
00:09:02,449 --> 00:08:59,580
can see there's a ton of storms in the

201
00:09:04,250 --> 00:09:02,459
southern part of Jupiter but what's

202
00:09:06,769 --> 00:09:04,260
really cool

203
00:09:09,530 --> 00:09:06,779
um is these storms in the northern

204
00:09:11,030 --> 00:09:09,540
latitudes of of Jupiter and this is

205
00:09:14,269 --> 00:09:11,040
something that the scientists that work

206
00:09:16,610 --> 00:09:14,279
on it call a Vortex Street and it's

207
00:09:18,230 --> 00:09:16,620
really really kind of cool okay all

208
00:09:20,389 --> 00:09:18,240
right so I'm gonna put some arrows here

209
00:09:22,310 --> 00:09:20,399
and you can see that um they've got some

210
00:09:24,590 --> 00:09:22,320
three white storms actually there's

211
00:09:26,509 --> 00:09:24,600
probably four or more and then there

212
00:09:29,870 --> 00:09:26,519
each of them have a corresponding Red

213
00:09:32,090 --> 00:09:29,880
Storm with it okay and the red storms

214
00:09:33,710 --> 00:09:32,100
are rotating counterclockwise in this

215
00:09:35,750 --> 00:09:33,720
picture and the white storms are

216
00:09:39,470 --> 00:09:35,760
rotating clockwise and the two are sort

217
00:09:42,290 --> 00:09:39,480
of reinforcing each other as they spin

218
00:09:44,449 --> 00:09:42,300
and you create this interleaving section

219
00:09:46,130 --> 00:09:44,459
of you know clockwise anti-clockwise

220
00:09:48,650 --> 00:09:46,140
clockwise anti-clockwise clockwise

221
00:09:52,190 --> 00:09:48,660
anti-clockwise this what they call this

222
00:09:54,889 --> 00:09:52,200
Vortex Street of of Storms and one of

223
00:09:58,970 --> 00:09:54,899
the cool things about it is that in the

224
00:10:02,030 --> 00:09:58,980
1990s these didn't exist okay these only

225
00:10:03,530 --> 00:10:02,040
have developed over the last 10 years

226
00:10:05,870 --> 00:10:03,540
now you say wait wait wait a minute

227
00:10:07,910 --> 00:10:05,880
Frank a storm that developed over 10

228
00:10:10,910 --> 00:10:07,920
years I mean we have storms that take

229
00:10:14,509 --> 00:10:10,920
maybe a few weeks or maybe a month to to

230
00:10:16,850 --> 00:10:14,519
fall but years well considering that the

231
00:10:20,990 --> 00:10:16,860
Great Red Spot has been around for like

232
00:10:22,970 --> 00:10:21,000
almost 300 years yeah 10 years is is a

233
00:10:25,130 --> 00:10:22,980
reasonable amount of time uh on Jupiter

234
00:10:28,130 --> 00:10:25,140
so they got storms that last for years

235
00:10:30,889 --> 00:10:28,140
and hence the opal project by taking

236
00:10:32,630 --> 00:10:30,899
pictures every year gets to monitor

237
00:10:34,790 --> 00:10:32,640
these

238
00:10:38,889 --> 00:10:34,800
um and really study the development of

239
00:10:47,389 --> 00:10:43,190
our second story tonight is an outburst

240
00:10:50,449 --> 00:10:47,399
of a hot luminous and massive star

241
00:10:53,030 --> 00:10:50,459
okay so how do we tell what is a hot

242
00:10:55,250 --> 00:10:53,040
luminous and massive star well in

243
00:10:57,650 --> 00:10:55,260
astronomy we use something called the HR

244
00:11:01,310 --> 00:10:57,660
diagram okay which is simply just a plot

245
00:11:03,230 --> 00:11:01,320
okay so on the x-axis is temperature and

246
00:11:05,150 --> 00:11:03,240
just to because we're astronomers and we

247
00:11:07,310 --> 00:11:05,160
want to be a pain in the butt uh it

248
00:11:09,470 --> 00:11:07,320
increases from right to left instead of

249
00:11:11,569 --> 00:11:09,480
the usual left to right okay at the

250
00:11:13,970 --> 00:11:11,579
Historical accident you don't need to

251
00:11:16,430 --> 00:11:13,980
know why but yeah temperature increases

252
00:11:18,650 --> 00:11:16,440
uh in the opposite direction and then

253
00:11:21,470 --> 00:11:18,660
brightness on the y-axis that increases

254
00:11:23,630 --> 00:11:21,480
going up okay so this is just a plot

255
00:11:26,269 --> 00:11:23,640
right a plot of characteristics of stars

256
00:11:27,829 --> 00:11:26,279
and naively you would think that stars

257
00:11:29,509 --> 00:11:27,839
could exist anywhere on this plot they

258
00:11:31,970 --> 00:11:29,519
could be scattered all over the place

259
00:11:34,670 --> 00:11:31,980
but when you do the plot for the stars

260
00:11:38,210 --> 00:11:34,680
we observe you actually find that they

261
00:11:41,269 --> 00:11:38,220
only exist in certain regions and the

262
00:11:43,490 --> 00:11:41,279
main region called the main sequence is

263
00:11:44,810 --> 00:11:43,500
this diagonal line from top left to

264
00:11:47,690 --> 00:11:44,820
lower right

265
00:11:49,970 --> 00:11:47,700
and this sequence actually reflects the

266
00:11:51,829 --> 00:11:49,980
physics of the nuclear fusion the

267
00:11:53,150 --> 00:11:51,839
hydrogen nuclear fusion that's going on

268
00:11:55,430 --> 00:11:53,160
in its core

269
00:11:57,350 --> 00:11:55,440
then you have that giant sequence that

270
00:11:59,630 --> 00:11:57,360
Sprouts off up to the toward the upper

271
00:12:01,850 --> 00:11:59,640
right and that actually represents the

272
00:12:04,009 --> 00:12:01,860
physics of what's happening in helium

273
00:12:07,670 --> 00:12:04,019
Fusion as these stars move from the main

274
00:12:09,650 --> 00:12:07,680
sequence uh that they move from hydrogen

275
00:12:11,930 --> 00:12:09,660
Fusion to helium fusion and then their

276
00:12:14,449 --> 00:12:11,940
characteristics change okay

277
00:12:16,130 --> 00:12:14,459
so if you're looking for the hottest

278
00:12:17,630 --> 00:12:16,140
stars you're looking to the left of this

279
00:12:19,130 --> 00:12:17,640
diagram if you're looking for the

280
00:12:23,269 --> 00:12:19,140
brightest stars you're looking to the

281
00:12:25,690 --> 00:12:23,279
top so the really extreme stars are up

282
00:12:28,610 --> 00:12:25,700
here they're hot bright and they're also

283
00:12:30,829 --> 00:12:28,620
incidentally massive and these are

284
00:12:32,449 --> 00:12:30,839
really the extreme stars and they're

285
00:12:35,509 --> 00:12:32,459
interesting to study because they're

286
00:12:38,210 --> 00:12:35,519
rare but also because they have

287
00:12:40,490 --> 00:12:38,220
outbursts they're unstable they actually

288
00:12:41,930 --> 00:12:40,500
have these huge winds and can blow off

289
00:12:45,170 --> 00:12:41,940
their outer layers

290
00:12:49,190 --> 00:12:45,180
and when they do that they can be

291
00:12:51,350 --> 00:12:49,200
gorgeous as in this image captured by

292
00:12:55,509 --> 00:12:51,360
the web Space Telescope

293
00:13:03,889 --> 00:12:59,930
isn't this gorgeous okay so this is the

294
00:13:07,009 --> 00:13:03,899
star named wolf Ray a124 and actually

295
00:13:10,610 --> 00:13:07,019
wolf Ray is a class of stars and so this

296
00:13:13,670 --> 00:13:10,620
is in some catalog the 124th entry uh in

297
00:13:15,350 --> 00:13:13,680
these catalog of wolfry a stars and the

298
00:13:17,150 --> 00:13:15,360
Stars at the center where you see the

299
00:13:19,129 --> 00:13:17,160
big six-pointed

300
00:13:20,569 --> 00:13:19,139
um uh diffraction spikes actually it's

301
00:13:22,550 --> 00:13:20,579
eight pointed because there's a little

302
00:13:24,590 --> 00:13:22,560
extra ones in the center

303
00:13:27,290 --> 00:13:24,600
um and then all this material has

304
00:13:30,470 --> 00:13:27,300
actually been blown away by this huge

305
00:13:34,069 --> 00:13:30,480
Stellar Wind of this very hot bright

306
00:13:35,870 --> 00:13:34,079
massive star all right and so the web

307
00:13:37,069 --> 00:13:35,880
Space Telescope of course observes an

308
00:13:39,650 --> 00:13:37,079
infrared light

309
00:13:43,129 --> 00:13:39,660
and it has both near infrared and

310
00:13:46,250 --> 00:13:43,139
mid-infrared detectors so this image is

311
00:13:48,829 --> 00:13:46,260
actually composed of observations from

312
00:13:51,590 --> 00:13:48,839
10 different filters six filters in the

313
00:13:54,290 --> 00:13:51,600
near infrared by near Cam and four

314
00:13:56,389 --> 00:13:54,300
filters in the mid infrared from from

315
00:13:59,030 --> 00:13:56,399
the instrument that's called Miri all

316
00:14:01,610 --> 00:13:59,040
right so if we just look at the mid

317
00:14:06,110 --> 00:14:01,620
infrared you can see a interesting

318
00:14:09,410 --> 00:14:06,120
contrast that stars are mostly in the

319
00:14:12,230 --> 00:14:09,420
near infrared and the gas and dust is

320
00:14:13,970 --> 00:14:12,240
mostly in the mid-infrared so this kind

321
00:14:15,410 --> 00:14:13,980
of gives you a feel for what you see in

322
00:14:17,569 --> 00:14:15,420
the near infrared what you see in the

323
00:14:19,670 --> 00:14:17,579
mid infrared because you know honestly

324
00:14:21,590 --> 00:14:19,680
we don't have that kind of our eyes

325
00:14:24,410 --> 00:14:21,600
don't see that so we don't really have

326
00:14:27,290 --> 00:14:24,420
that feel in our everyday experience but

327
00:14:29,210 --> 00:14:27,300
you can start to see that by having both

328
00:14:31,490 --> 00:14:29,220
near infrared and mid infrared and

329
00:14:33,590 --> 00:14:31,500
honestly the the range of wavelengths

330
00:14:35,870 --> 00:14:33,600
here is a factor of 18 it's from like

331
00:14:38,329 --> 00:14:35,880
one micron all the way up to 18 microns

332
00:14:40,550 --> 00:14:38,339
so it's a very large large range of

333
00:14:42,230 --> 00:14:40,560
wavelengths that you're covering to see

334
00:14:43,250 --> 00:14:42,240
lots and lots of different physics going

335
00:14:45,829 --> 00:14:43,260
on here

336
00:14:48,069 --> 00:14:45,839
and we can contrast that with just

337
00:14:50,590 --> 00:14:48,079
looking at the visible light from Hubble

338
00:14:53,990 --> 00:14:50,600
compared to the infrared light from web

339
00:14:56,389 --> 00:14:54,000
and so as I've said many times one of

340
00:14:58,069 --> 00:14:56,399
the best things we get to do now is we

341
00:15:00,050 --> 00:14:58,079
get to look and see what did Hubble see

342
00:15:02,990 --> 00:15:00,060
when it looked when Hubble looked at

343
00:15:04,730 --> 00:15:03,000
this object and what does webc when it

344
00:15:06,650 --> 00:15:04,740
looks at its object and we can try to do

345
00:15:08,750 --> 00:15:06,660
a comparison and I can sort of like I

346
00:15:11,689 --> 00:15:08,760
can blink back and forth to the mid

347
00:15:14,150 --> 00:15:11,699
infrared and Hubble and you can see some

348
00:15:17,829 --> 00:15:14,160
of the changes that you see by looking

349
00:15:20,530 --> 00:15:17,839
in these two different band passes

350
00:15:23,509 --> 00:15:20,540
yeah kind of cool

351
00:15:25,250 --> 00:15:23,519
multi-wavelength astronomy okay and we

352
00:15:27,889 --> 00:15:25,260
are lucky here at the Space Telescope

353
00:15:29,870 --> 00:15:27,899
Science Institute be the home of both of

354
00:15:31,970 --> 00:15:29,880
these telescopes and be able to see

355
00:15:35,210 --> 00:15:31,980
these different perspectives on objects

356
00:15:42,170 --> 00:15:38,629
our speaker tonight

357
00:15:43,189 --> 00:15:42,180
um is Catherine Bennett and let me stop

358
00:15:48,230 --> 00:15:43,199
my

359
00:15:51,110 --> 00:15:48,240
that there we go

360
00:15:54,530 --> 00:15:51,120
all right welcome Katie

361
00:15:57,050 --> 00:15:54,540
um Katie is not a PhD doctor astronomer

362
00:16:00,470 --> 00:15:57,060
yet she's on her way to becoming it

363
00:16:02,030 --> 00:16:00,480
she's in her first year as a graduate

364
00:16:03,470 --> 00:16:02,040
student at the Johns Hopkins University

365
00:16:06,110 --> 00:16:03,480
across the street from the Space

366
00:16:08,470 --> 00:16:06,120
Telescope Science Institute

367
00:16:10,850 --> 00:16:08,480
um and uh she is um you know

368
00:16:12,290 --> 00:16:10,860
enthusiastically volunteered to give a

369
00:16:14,569 --> 00:16:12,300
give a talk at the public lecture series

370
00:16:18,110 --> 00:16:14,579
and I said great I love these uh

371
00:16:20,090 --> 00:16:18,120
enthusiastic talks uh her history is

372
00:16:22,310 --> 00:16:20,100
kind of interesting okay because she did

373
00:16:25,970 --> 00:16:22,320
her undergraduate at the University of

374
00:16:30,230 --> 00:16:25,980
Florida not in physics not in astronomy

375
00:16:32,210 --> 00:16:30,240
but in exercise science yes

376
00:16:33,230 --> 00:16:32,220
um she came and then she worked in a

377
00:16:35,509 --> 00:16:33,240
hospital

378
00:16:37,490 --> 00:16:35,519
um in a physical therapy department for

379
00:16:40,550 --> 00:16:37,500
several years and then for some reason

380
00:16:42,710 --> 00:16:40,560
said uh I just I want to go do

381
00:16:46,189 --> 00:16:42,720
astrophysics okay

382
00:16:48,829 --> 00:16:46,199
um so she came to uh Johns Hopkins last

383
00:16:51,470 --> 00:16:48,839
year oh no actually she went to uh

384
00:16:53,930 --> 00:16:51,480
Wesleyan University in Connecticut and

385
00:16:56,949 --> 00:16:53,940
got her Master's Degree and then came to

386
00:17:00,290 --> 00:16:56,959
Johns Hopkins uh to do her PhD

387
00:17:02,210 --> 00:17:00,300
so she has a interesting background and

388
00:17:04,789 --> 00:17:02,220
I think she's gonna you know really hit

389
00:17:06,710 --> 00:17:04,799
hit it hard when she gets to it and I

390
00:17:08,630 --> 00:17:06,720
always ask my speakers for something fun

391
00:17:10,549 --> 00:17:08,640
about what them that they've done well

392
00:17:13,610 --> 00:17:10,559
inner travels up and down the East Coast

393
00:17:16,970 --> 00:17:13,620
she has actually walked about one half

394
00:17:18,890 --> 00:17:16,980
of the Appalachian Trail so she's done

395
00:17:21,350 --> 00:17:18,900
an awful awful lot of hiking out there

396
00:17:23,870 --> 00:17:21,360
all right so ladies and gentlemen

397
00:17:27,470 --> 00:17:23,880
Katie Bennett

398
00:17:33,169 --> 00:17:30,590
I am so excited to be here virtually

399
00:17:36,590 --> 00:17:33,179
with you all and talk about planets with

400
00:17:39,190 --> 00:17:36,600
you so yes I have quite an unusual

401
00:17:42,289 --> 00:17:39,200
background I have yet to meet another

402
00:17:45,289 --> 00:17:42,299
astronomy PhD student who has a degree

403
00:17:48,230 --> 00:17:45,299
in exercise science but I will just say

404
00:17:50,630 --> 00:17:48,240
that this has been a love of mine for my

405
00:17:52,850 --> 00:17:50,640
whole life and it took a long time you

406
00:17:55,789 --> 00:17:52,860
know past the gauge of senior year of

407
00:17:57,770 --> 00:17:55,799
college to quite figure out how to

408
00:17:59,990 --> 00:17:57,780
follow that passion but I was able to do

409
00:18:01,970 --> 00:18:00,000
it and I'm really grateful for that and

410
00:18:03,590 --> 00:18:01,980
I just you know want to say if you have

411
00:18:06,830 --> 00:18:03,600
something that you feel like you'd want

412
00:18:09,169 --> 00:18:06,840
to do I always recommend going for it I

413
00:18:10,970 --> 00:18:09,179
couldn't be happier being here now and

414
00:18:13,430 --> 00:18:10,980
getting to share the work that I have

415
00:18:15,710 --> 00:18:13,440
gotten to be a part of just a couple of

416
00:18:17,930 --> 00:18:15,720
years ago I was you know the one

417
00:18:19,310 --> 00:18:17,940
watching these videos and dreaming about

418
00:18:21,230 --> 00:18:19,320
this kind of stuff and now I'm actually

419
00:18:22,330 --> 00:18:21,240
getting to do it and it is quite

420
00:18:26,029 --> 00:18:22,340
remarkable

421
00:18:28,130 --> 00:18:26,039
but with that said tonight we are going

422
00:18:30,049 --> 00:18:28,140
to be talking about planets and if you

423
00:18:31,970 --> 00:18:30,059
don't love planets I really hope that by

424
00:18:33,770 --> 00:18:31,980
the end of this presentation I have

425
00:18:37,490 --> 00:18:33,780
changed your mind

426
00:18:40,130 --> 00:18:37,500
uh I think that we really are on quite a

427
00:18:42,169 --> 00:18:40,140
brink of Discovery with the James Webb

428
00:18:43,909 --> 00:18:42,179
Space Telescope and I think that over

429
00:18:46,010 --> 00:18:43,919
the course of the next decade and

430
00:18:47,810 --> 00:18:46,020
decades to come we're going to learn so

431
00:18:50,029 --> 00:18:47,820
much more than we ever thought possible

432
00:18:54,110 --> 00:18:50,039
even 10 years ago

433
00:18:57,169 --> 00:18:54,120
but before I dive into that I wanted to

434
00:18:59,210 --> 00:18:57,179
just pause and talk about you know why

435
00:19:02,750 --> 00:18:59,220
astronomy is so cool to be a part of

436
00:19:05,210 --> 00:19:02,760
these days and uh Frank pretty much I

437
00:19:06,110 --> 00:19:05,220
already summed it up for me I mean the

438
00:19:11,450 --> 00:19:06,120
the

439
00:19:14,029 --> 00:19:11,460
new web telescope is just wonderful and

440
00:19:17,330 --> 00:19:14,039
so I'm sure you guys have many of you

441
00:19:19,970 --> 00:19:17,340
have seen this image before this is a

442
00:19:23,690 --> 00:19:19,980
deep field of the James using the James

443
00:19:27,110 --> 00:19:23,700
Webb Telescope to look at at many many

444
00:19:30,370 --> 00:19:27,120
different galaxies that are uncross just

445
00:19:33,110 --> 00:19:30,380
a tiny tiny bit sliver of space

446
00:19:36,350 --> 00:19:33,120
we've gotten many many beautiful images

447
00:19:40,370 --> 00:19:36,360
from the new web telescope recently

448
00:19:44,150 --> 00:19:40,380
we see a nebula where baby stars are

449
00:19:46,130 --> 00:19:44,160
forming we see Galaxy mergers happening

450
00:19:47,510 --> 00:19:46,140
or two galaxies are coming and

451
00:19:50,450 --> 00:19:47,520
interacting

452
00:19:53,630 --> 00:19:50,460
but the web telescope isn't just looking

453
00:19:56,630 --> 00:19:53,640
at big stars and galaxies it's also

454
00:20:02,330 --> 00:19:56,640
looking at planets and

455
00:20:06,169 --> 00:20:02,340
while sometimes the images are not quite

456
00:20:08,630 --> 00:20:06,179
as spectacular as seeing you know

457
00:20:10,070 --> 00:20:08,640
galaxies upon galaxies I want to try to

458
00:20:12,950 --> 00:20:10,080
convince you guys tonight that the

459
00:20:14,150 --> 00:20:12,960
information that we get by looking at

460
00:20:18,169 --> 00:20:14,160
not

461
00:20:21,409 --> 00:20:18,179
photos or photometry but spectroscopy is

462
00:20:23,150 --> 00:20:21,419
just as intriguing as these images

463
00:20:24,890 --> 00:20:23,160
but

464
00:20:28,370 --> 00:20:24,900
Webb doesn't discriminate it looks

465
00:20:31,250 --> 00:20:28,380
across all uh all planets including

466
00:20:33,950 --> 00:20:31,260
those in the solar system

467
00:20:38,510 --> 00:20:33,960
so this is a beautiful image of Jupiter

468
00:20:40,250 --> 00:20:38,520
in the uh near infrared and it looks

469
00:20:42,169 --> 00:20:40,260
similar to the pictures that Frank just

470
00:20:43,850 --> 00:20:42,179
showed but the colors are kind of off

471
00:20:46,549 --> 00:20:43,860
right that's because this is a false

472
00:20:48,590 --> 00:20:46,559
color image again with different filters

473
00:20:51,470 --> 00:20:48,600
stacked on top of each other

474
00:20:53,750 --> 00:20:51,480
but I just love this because you can see

475
00:20:55,430 --> 00:20:53,760
the Great Red Spot which doesn't look

476
00:20:59,390 --> 00:20:55,440
red in this image because we haven't

477
00:21:02,390 --> 00:20:59,400
colored it so but you can see ionized

478
00:21:05,090 --> 00:21:02,400
gas at the poles which correlates to

479
00:21:08,029 --> 00:21:05,100
Jupiter's own Northern Lights

480
00:21:10,730 --> 00:21:08,039
uh and so you know this is just another

481
00:21:12,409 --> 00:21:10,740
spectacular image of a planet here and

482
00:21:15,350 --> 00:21:12,419
I'm going to be talking about some other

483
00:21:17,830 --> 00:21:15,360
gas giants like Jupiter but before I

484
00:21:20,990 --> 00:21:17,840
wanted before we kind of dive into that

485
00:21:23,870 --> 00:21:21,000
let's go ahead and Orient ourselves

486
00:21:28,190 --> 00:21:23,880
because the universe is a pretty big

487
00:21:30,289 --> 00:21:28,200
place right so here we are I love this

488
00:21:34,190 --> 00:21:30,299
image this is an

489
00:21:37,070 --> 00:21:34,200
image that is scaled by size correctly

490
00:21:39,830 --> 00:21:37,080
not distance so these distances are not

491
00:21:42,110 --> 00:21:39,840
accurate however the relative sizes are

492
00:21:43,010 --> 00:21:42,120
and what I mean by that is that you can

493
00:21:46,370 --> 00:21:43,020
see

494
00:21:48,950 --> 00:21:46,380
Earth as a tiny tiny little ball right

495
00:21:53,149 --> 00:21:48,960
here that is how small it really is

496
00:21:55,130 --> 00:21:53,159
relative to the sun on the far right and

497
00:21:58,130 --> 00:21:55,140
so here we are

498
00:21:59,810 --> 00:21:58,140
now here's the fun part I wish I could

499
00:22:01,430 --> 00:21:59,820
be here in person with you guys to see

500
00:22:03,950 --> 00:22:01,440
your reactions but we're gonna we can

501
00:22:06,289 --> 00:22:03,960
all do a little pop quiz together to see

502
00:22:08,810 --> 00:22:06,299
if we remember our elementary school

503
00:22:10,370 --> 00:22:08,820
ordering of the planets and our solar

504
00:22:12,350 --> 00:22:10,380
system so

505
00:22:14,810 --> 00:22:12,360
are we ready

506
00:22:16,250 --> 00:22:14,820
excellent we're going to start from the

507
00:22:18,049 --> 00:22:16,260
innermost planet

508
00:22:19,909 --> 00:22:18,059
right next to the Sun

509
00:22:21,289 --> 00:22:19,919
that one is

510
00:22:24,409 --> 00:22:21,299
Mercury

511
00:22:26,930 --> 00:22:24,419
then right next to us our nearest

512
00:22:28,730 --> 00:22:26,940
neighbor our twin planet that sometimes

513
00:22:31,070 --> 00:22:28,740
people say

514
00:22:32,930 --> 00:22:31,080
we have Venus

515
00:22:35,870 --> 00:22:32,940
then there's us Earth is the third

516
00:22:37,730 --> 00:22:35,880
planet then next to Earth the planet

517
00:22:40,549 --> 00:22:37,740
that probably gets the most amount of

518
00:22:44,450 --> 00:22:40,559
attention in the media and certainly the

519
00:22:47,390 --> 00:22:44,460
movies is Mars these are our four rocky

520
00:22:50,870 --> 00:22:47,400
planets that we have in our solar system

521
00:22:53,630 --> 00:22:50,880
after that of course we have Jupiter

522
00:22:55,130 --> 00:22:53,640
next to Jupiter we have big beautiful

523
00:22:58,130 --> 00:22:55,140
Saturn

524
00:23:01,370 --> 00:22:58,140
and then out in the outermost regions of

525
00:23:03,169 --> 00:23:01,380
the solar system we have Uranus and then

526
00:23:04,789 --> 00:23:03,179
you remember the last one

527
00:23:08,390 --> 00:23:04,799
Neptune

528
00:23:11,570 --> 00:23:08,400
now out on the very far left hand side

529
00:23:15,350 --> 00:23:11,580
we also see our dwarf planets and

530
00:23:17,630 --> 00:23:15,360
yes that is where Pluto is we categorize

531
00:23:19,430 --> 00:23:17,640
Pluto as a dwarf planet now it's still

532
00:23:21,830 --> 00:23:19,440
doing its thing and there are others

533
00:23:24,649 --> 00:23:21,840
like it so if you don't don't have to

534
00:23:26,390 --> 00:23:24,659
feel too badly for Pluto

535
00:23:28,970 --> 00:23:26,400
so here we are

536
00:23:31,130 --> 00:23:28,980
this is our solar system the Earth

537
00:23:33,770 --> 00:23:31,140
orbits around the Sun as do all of these

538
00:23:37,010 --> 00:23:33,780
other planets and I would wager a guess

539
00:23:38,870 --> 00:23:37,020
as most of us in school growing up when

540
00:23:42,049 --> 00:23:38,880
you heard the word planets you thought

541
00:23:44,930 --> 00:23:42,059
about these eight yes nine including

542
00:23:46,610 --> 00:23:44,940
Pluto uh these nine planets and that was

543
00:23:49,669 --> 00:23:46,620
all we knew

544
00:23:52,130 --> 00:23:49,679
but that is not all there is to it there

545
00:23:53,570 --> 00:23:52,140
are so many more planets orbiting other

546
00:23:56,930 --> 00:23:53,580
stars

547
00:23:58,909 --> 00:23:56,940
so we have Earth that orbits the Sun but

548
00:24:01,370 --> 00:23:58,919
the sun is just a very average Star

549
00:24:02,510 --> 00:24:01,380
right when the sun is in the Milky Way

550
00:24:05,029 --> 00:24:02,520
galaxy

551
00:24:08,510 --> 00:24:05,039
here's a little artist rendition of the

552
00:24:11,270 --> 00:24:08,520
Milky Way and we can pretend we do know

553
00:24:14,810 --> 00:24:11,280
that the sun is kind of just in the kind

554
00:24:17,149 --> 00:24:14,820
of an outermost neighborhood of the of

555
00:24:19,430 --> 00:24:17,159
the Milky Way and so there are billions

556
00:24:22,909 --> 00:24:19,440
of stars in our one Galaxy alone

557
00:24:26,330 --> 00:24:22,919
billions of suns in this galaxy

558
00:24:28,669 --> 00:24:26,340
but let's take a step back farther

559
00:24:30,890 --> 00:24:28,679
I showed you that beautiful Deep Field

560
00:24:32,330 --> 00:24:30,900
Web image that I'm sure many of you have

561
00:24:34,130 --> 00:24:32,340
seen before

562
00:24:38,330 --> 00:24:34,140
we'll look at it again

563
00:24:39,230 --> 00:24:38,340
all of these spots from the one right in

564
00:24:41,570 --> 00:24:39,240
the center with this beautiful

565
00:24:44,630 --> 00:24:41,580
diffraction pattern all the way out to

566
00:24:47,870 --> 00:24:44,640
just these small dots that you see every

567
00:24:51,470 --> 00:24:47,880
single one of them are also galaxies

568
00:24:53,930 --> 00:24:51,480
meaning all of these galaxies likely

569
00:24:56,870 --> 00:24:53,940
have billions of stars and maybe

570
00:25:00,110 --> 00:24:56,880
billions of plants we don't know about

571
00:25:03,470 --> 00:25:00,120
other planets in other galaxies yet

572
00:25:05,690 --> 00:25:03,480
but we can only imagine

573
00:25:08,210 --> 00:25:05,700
what there is

574
00:25:11,450 --> 00:25:08,220
we know about planets in our own Galaxy

575
00:25:15,110 --> 00:25:11,460
so that was a lot I know it's hard to

576
00:25:17,450 --> 00:25:15,120
think about the Sun and as a star and

577
00:25:19,669 --> 00:25:17,460
billions of stars in the Milky Way

578
00:25:21,110 --> 00:25:19,679
galaxy and billions of galaxies in the

579
00:25:22,669 --> 00:25:21,120
universe it's my I think it's

580
00:25:24,470 --> 00:25:22,679
mind-boggling and I get to think about

581
00:25:28,430 --> 00:25:24,480
this all the time

582
00:25:29,870 --> 00:25:28,440
but let's return home to the Milky Way

583
00:25:34,090 --> 00:25:29,880
and

584
00:25:36,769 --> 00:25:34,100
just focus on a tiny tiny little

585
00:25:38,210 --> 00:25:36,779
subsection of the Milky Way which is the

586
00:25:41,630 --> 00:25:38,220
region of

587
00:25:45,710 --> 00:25:41,640
of our galaxy that we have searched for

588
00:25:47,029 --> 00:25:45,720
uh other planets around other stars

589
00:25:50,930 --> 00:25:47,039
so again

590
00:25:53,690 --> 00:25:50,940
today we're going to focus on exoplanets

591
00:25:57,649 --> 00:25:53,700
and an exoplanet is simply a planet that

592
00:26:00,529 --> 00:25:57,659
orbits a star other than the Sun

593
00:26:03,289 --> 00:26:00,539
so we all by we I mean you know Earth

594
00:26:05,269 --> 00:26:03,299
and Mars and Saturn and Jupiter and all

595
00:26:08,630 --> 00:26:05,279
those planets that we know and love we

596
00:26:11,630 --> 00:26:08,640
all orbit the Sun but we said that the

597
00:26:12,830 --> 00:26:11,640
sun is only one of billions of stars in

598
00:26:15,529 --> 00:26:12,840
the galaxy

599
00:26:17,810 --> 00:26:15,539
which must mean that there are many

600
00:26:20,090 --> 00:26:17,820
other solar systems out there

601
00:26:23,810 --> 00:26:20,100
and indeed we we know that that's true

602
00:26:25,669 --> 00:26:23,820
now we know uh about thousands of

603
00:26:29,210 --> 00:26:25,679
planets now and we'll get to the exact

604
00:26:31,130 --> 00:26:29,220
number in a little while uh but I I

605
00:26:32,630 --> 00:26:31,140
really just want to pause for a minute

606
00:26:36,230 --> 00:26:32,640
and talk about

607
00:26:39,470 --> 00:26:36,240
uh how rapidly this has happened and how

608
00:26:41,330 --> 00:26:39,480
how quickly we're gaining knowledge so

609
00:26:43,549 --> 00:26:41,340
the you know people have been wondering

610
00:26:47,090 --> 00:26:43,559
if there were planets outside of our

611
00:26:49,610 --> 00:26:47,100
solar system for centuries but it really

612
00:26:51,590 --> 00:26:49,620
wasn't until the 9th of the 1900s that

613
00:26:54,190 --> 00:26:51,600
people started to really look into this

614
00:26:58,549 --> 00:26:54,200
and it wasn't until

615
00:27:02,269 --> 00:26:58,559
1995 that the first planet around a main

616
00:27:04,850 --> 00:27:02,279
sequence star around a sun-like star was

617
00:27:08,269 --> 00:27:04,860
actually detected so I'll tell you guys

618
00:27:10,850 --> 00:27:08,279
that I am a 1994 baby so I was one year

619
00:27:12,590 --> 00:27:10,860
old when this happened and that means

620
00:27:15,350 --> 00:27:12,600
that pretty much the whole field of

621
00:27:16,789 --> 00:27:15,360
exoplanets has started uh since I've

622
00:27:18,649 --> 00:27:16,799
been alive

623
00:27:20,029 --> 00:27:18,659
and now

624
00:27:30,250 --> 00:27:20,039
we

625
00:27:32,690 --> 00:27:30,260
and that's really this has just

626
00:27:35,029 --> 00:27:32,700
exponentially increased especially in

627
00:27:37,909 --> 00:27:35,039
the last decade or so with specific

628
00:27:39,890 --> 00:27:37,919
dedicated space space missions to try to

629
00:27:42,710 --> 00:27:39,900
find these planets

630
00:27:45,710 --> 00:27:42,720
and now we're at the point where we're

631
00:27:47,810 --> 00:27:45,720
not only finding them but we are also

632
00:27:50,870 --> 00:27:47,820
trying to characterize them and trying

633
00:27:52,850 --> 00:27:50,880
to understand what these atmosphere what

634
00:27:55,730 --> 00:27:52,860
what these planets are like do they have

635
00:27:58,549 --> 00:27:55,740
atmospheres what's in them are they big

636
00:28:03,970 --> 00:27:58,559
gas giants are they small and Rocky like

637
00:28:09,529 --> 00:28:07,190
and so we've basically started to

638
00:28:13,310 --> 00:28:09,539
discover that there is almost every

639
00:28:15,470 --> 00:28:13,320
possibility of Planet out there I love

640
00:28:17,870 --> 00:28:15,480
this image from Time Magazine this is

641
00:28:20,210 --> 00:28:17,880
obviously an artist rendition imagining

642
00:28:24,169 --> 00:28:20,220
all of the different types of planets

643
00:28:27,830 --> 00:28:24,179
that we've discovered so you see big gas

644
00:28:30,169 --> 00:28:27,840
Big Balls of gas like Jupiter you also

645
00:28:33,289 --> 00:28:30,179
see kind of these intermediate sized

646
00:28:34,549 --> 00:28:33,299
planets and then many smaller rocky

647
00:28:36,950 --> 00:28:34,559
planets too

648
00:28:38,450 --> 00:28:36,960
and so we we kind of have we have many

649
00:28:41,269 --> 00:28:38,460
questions right I mean we have every

650
00:28:44,390 --> 00:28:41,279
question you know for all of

651
00:28:46,610 --> 00:28:44,400
uh you know the history of science we've

652
00:28:47,990 --> 00:28:46,620
been focused on nine planets and now all

653
00:28:50,570 --> 00:28:48,000
of a sudden I'm telling you that we have

654
00:28:52,370 --> 00:28:50,580
thousands and they're super far away and

655
00:28:55,010 --> 00:28:52,380
we have to figure out how we can find

656
00:28:56,330 --> 00:28:55,020
figure out anything about them

657
00:28:58,310 --> 00:28:56,340
and so let's

658
00:29:01,789 --> 00:28:58,320
not get too overwhelmed we'll we'll keep

659
00:29:05,110 --> 00:29:01,799
it simple and we will just ask a few

660
00:29:09,110 --> 00:29:05,120
questions to start out with to try to

661
00:29:11,269 --> 00:29:09,120
basically Orient ourselves and and and

662
00:29:13,789 --> 00:29:11,279
and and figure out where where we can go

663
00:29:16,130 --> 00:29:13,799
and what we can find out so kind of the

664
00:29:19,310 --> 00:29:16,140
biggest questions that we are trying to

665
00:29:21,409 --> 00:29:19,320
answer about exoplanets are one how many

666
00:29:23,269 --> 00:29:21,419
planets are there

667
00:29:27,590 --> 00:29:23,279
what are they like

668
00:29:30,110 --> 00:29:27,600
and are any of them like Earth

669
00:29:32,090 --> 00:29:30,120
to start off with the first question how

670
00:29:35,409 --> 00:29:32,100
many planets are there I alluded to this

671
00:29:39,110 --> 00:29:35,419
earlier uh according to

672
00:29:42,950 --> 00:29:39,120
NASA's website as of last week

673
00:29:44,510 --> 00:29:42,960
there are over 5 000 exoplanets that

674
00:29:46,130 --> 00:29:44,520
we've discovered

675
00:29:49,010 --> 00:29:46,140
and of course

676
00:29:50,210 --> 00:29:49,020
this number goes up about about every

677
00:29:51,950 --> 00:29:50,220
week

678
00:29:54,289 --> 00:29:51,960
this mean this doesn't mean that there

679
00:29:56,570 --> 00:29:54,299
are only 5 000 planets these are only

680
00:29:59,149 --> 00:29:56,580
the ones that we've discovered in the

681
00:30:01,490 --> 00:29:59,159
last 30 years and again we're

682
00:30:04,250 --> 00:30:01,500
discovering them quicker and quicker

683
00:30:07,730 --> 00:30:04,260
every year as our technology and our

684
00:30:11,630 --> 00:30:07,740
techniques improve

685
00:30:14,330 --> 00:30:11,640
the mind-boggling thing to me is that we

686
00:30:16,909 --> 00:30:14,340
think that there are likely more stars

687
00:30:19,010 --> 00:30:16,919
than there are planets we know we've

688
00:30:22,250 --> 00:30:19,020
estimated that there is at least a

689
00:30:26,029 --> 00:30:22,260
planet per star on average

690
00:30:28,250 --> 00:30:26,039
uh but we are again uncovering

691
00:30:31,789 --> 00:30:28,260
more and more planets it just seems to

692
00:30:35,149 --> 00:30:31,799
be a planet filled you know Galaxy at

693
00:30:40,549 --> 00:30:38,269
now next question what do these planets

694
00:30:43,610 --> 00:30:40,559
like let's go back to our own solar

695
00:30:45,649 --> 00:30:43,620
system for a minute just to orient uh

696
00:30:47,630 --> 00:30:45,659
ourselves and remind ourselves what

697
00:30:48,470 --> 00:30:47,640
types of planets we see in our solar

698
00:30:50,810 --> 00:30:48,480
system

699
00:30:52,730 --> 00:30:50,820
so we have Earth along with its

700
00:30:53,870 --> 00:30:52,740
neighbors these make up the rocky

701
00:30:58,010 --> 00:30:53,880
planets

702
00:30:59,510 --> 00:30:58,020
and then you have the the four big gas

703
00:31:01,610 --> 00:30:59,520
and Ice drives these are the eight

704
00:31:03,289 --> 00:31:01,620
planets in our solar system

705
00:31:06,950 --> 00:31:03,299
now

706
00:31:08,990 --> 00:31:06,960
we see that exoplanets fall both in this

707
00:31:11,029 --> 00:31:09,000
category and not

708
00:31:13,669 --> 00:31:11,039
and not quite in this category there

709
00:31:16,970 --> 00:31:13,679
seems to be other types that we don't

710
00:31:18,289 --> 00:31:16,980
quite have analogous types of planets in

711
00:31:21,110 --> 00:31:18,299
our solar system

712
00:31:24,169 --> 00:31:21,120
so this is a great little graphic from

713
00:31:27,409 --> 00:31:24,179
NASA that I really like

714
00:31:31,190 --> 00:31:27,419
going over broadly the four types of

715
00:31:35,149 --> 00:31:31,200
planets that we can detect now and I

716
00:31:38,090 --> 00:31:35,159
want to make an point that we as humans

717
00:31:40,909 --> 00:31:38,100
really like to categorize things to

718
00:31:43,570 --> 00:31:40,919
understand them but it's very likely

719
00:31:47,769 --> 00:31:43,580
that there are no

720
00:31:50,470 --> 00:31:47,779
set categories especially say between

721
00:31:54,289 --> 00:31:50,480
gas giants and

722
00:31:56,450 --> 00:31:54,299
Neptune or Saturn's size planets but

723
00:31:59,330 --> 00:31:56,460
there is this Continuum and we're

724
00:32:01,370 --> 00:31:59,340
working to understand if there are sharp

725
00:32:04,850 --> 00:32:01,380
cutoffs between all of these types of

726
00:32:06,350 --> 00:32:04,860
planets or if they all have a common

727
00:32:08,870 --> 00:32:06,360
history

728
00:32:11,210 --> 00:32:08,880
so if you look on the left side you have

729
00:32:13,250 --> 00:32:11,220
your biggest gas giant planets these are

730
00:32:15,110 --> 00:32:13,260
our Jupiter these are Saturn and

731
00:32:19,250 --> 00:32:15,120
jupiter-like planets

732
00:32:20,870 --> 00:32:19,260
we often uh we we talk a lot and if

733
00:32:23,029 --> 00:32:20,880
you've ever been to one of these

734
00:32:25,190 --> 00:32:23,039
presentations before or if you've seen

735
00:32:28,130 --> 00:32:25,200
another presentation about exoplanets

736
00:32:31,250 --> 00:32:28,140
you've likely heard the word hot Jupiter

737
00:32:33,049 --> 00:32:31,260
we refer to many of the planets that

738
00:32:35,269 --> 00:32:33,059
we've discovered as hot Jupiters because

739
00:32:37,789 --> 00:32:35,279
the planets that we have discovered that

740
00:32:39,590 --> 00:32:37,799
are the size are also orbiting very

741
00:32:43,190 --> 00:32:39,600
close to their host star

742
00:32:44,810 --> 00:32:43,200
and I that's actually just a bias in our

743
00:32:47,330 --> 00:32:44,820
techniques and we can talk more about

744
00:32:50,389 --> 00:32:47,340
that later but they are closer to their

745
00:32:52,909 --> 00:32:50,399
Stars than Mercury is to the Sun

746
00:32:54,889 --> 00:32:52,919
and so they're they're very hot and so

747
00:32:57,289 --> 00:32:54,899
we call them hot Jupiters they're you

748
00:32:59,870 --> 00:32:57,299
know very creative here

749
00:33:02,870 --> 00:32:59,880
we also have neptune-like planets so

750
00:33:06,110 --> 00:33:02,880
these are smaller in size to our hot

751
00:33:08,649 --> 00:33:06,120
Jupiters but they are they likely still

752
00:33:12,049 --> 00:33:08,659
have a lot of gas so they're likely

753
00:33:14,690 --> 00:33:12,059
largely hydrogen and helium dominated

754
00:33:17,509 --> 00:33:14,700
they might have ice they might have some

755
00:33:19,909 --> 00:33:17,519
rock we're not quite sure what's going

756
00:33:22,669 --> 00:33:19,919
on with these planets yet

757
00:33:24,950 --> 00:33:22,679
and then you have your super Earths and

758
00:33:27,169 --> 00:33:24,960
your terrestrial planets and really the

759
00:33:30,289 --> 00:33:27,179
difference the only difference in

760
00:33:33,590 --> 00:33:30,299
category are and these are the size that

761
00:33:35,210 --> 00:33:33,600
we know of yet so we're not sure say if

762
00:33:38,090 --> 00:33:35,220
super Earths are more likely to have

763
00:33:40,909 --> 00:33:38,100
atmospheres and earth-sized planets are

764
00:33:42,529 --> 00:33:40,919
more likely to just be bare rock

765
00:33:43,909 --> 00:33:42,539
these are the types of questions that

766
00:33:46,190 --> 00:33:43,919
we're hoping to answer with the James

767
00:33:47,810 --> 00:33:46,200
Webb Telescope

768
00:33:51,710 --> 00:33:47,820
so

769
00:33:53,870 --> 00:33:51,720
these broadly are what we like to focus

770
00:33:55,610 --> 00:33:53,880
on for this talk I'm going to talk

771
00:33:57,470 --> 00:33:55,620
mostly about terrestrial and super

772
00:34:00,889 --> 00:33:57,480
earth-sized planets I think that this is

773
00:34:02,210 --> 00:34:00,899
what gets people the most excited but I

774
00:34:03,950 --> 00:34:02,220
want to make the point now and I'm going

775
00:34:05,990 --> 00:34:03,960
to make it again at the very end of the

776
00:34:08,810 --> 00:34:06,000
talk that all of these planets are

777
00:34:11,930 --> 00:34:08,820
important we don't just want to say okay

778
00:34:13,609 --> 00:34:11,940
oh we just want to care we we just care

779
00:34:15,169 --> 00:34:13,619
about you know searching for life

780
00:34:17,629 --> 00:34:15,179
outside of Earth so we're only going to

781
00:34:19,909 --> 00:34:17,639
look at terrestrial planets we need to

782
00:34:23,089 --> 00:34:19,919
understand the whole landscape of

783
00:34:24,770 --> 00:34:23,099
exoplanets in order to understand each

784
00:34:27,409 --> 00:34:24,780
individual one because if we see

785
00:34:29,869 --> 00:34:27,419
something on it on a terrestrial planet

786
00:34:32,930 --> 00:34:29,879
without say having a really good sense

787
00:34:36,169 --> 00:34:32,940
of it's a neighboring gas giant we can't

788
00:34:40,010 --> 00:34:36,179
it's hard to make any kind of

789
00:34:43,369 --> 00:34:40,020
a a deduction about what is going on

790
00:34:46,369 --> 00:34:43,379
so just like we still love and Jupiter

791
00:34:48,409 --> 00:34:46,379
in our own solar system we must and we

792
00:34:52,629 --> 00:34:48,419
still do care about the Neptunes and the

793
00:34:58,690 --> 00:34:55,970
and of course like I said the final

794
00:35:01,790 --> 00:34:58,700
question that so many of us want to know

795
00:35:05,210 --> 00:35:01,800
are any of them like Earth

796
00:35:06,589 --> 00:35:05,220
and I mean yeah I want to know and so do

797
00:35:07,849 --> 00:35:06,599
you that's probably why you're here

798
00:35:11,870 --> 00:35:07,859
tonight

799
00:35:15,349 --> 00:35:11,880
now I'm I have to tell you that we just

800
00:35:18,290 --> 00:35:15,359
don't know the answer yet we're hoping

801
00:35:21,109 --> 00:35:18,300
to take the first steps now with the web

802
00:35:25,069 --> 00:35:21,119
telescope and I'll talk to you about how

803
00:35:28,490 --> 00:35:25,079
exactly we are going about doing that

804
00:35:30,410 --> 00:35:28,500
now I just I just pulled this image up

805
00:35:31,910 --> 00:35:30,420
just because I love it and I think it's

806
00:35:33,530 --> 00:35:31,920
beautiful and I think that it really

807
00:35:35,510 --> 00:35:33,540
makes you realize how large this

808
00:35:37,310 --> 00:35:35,520
telescope is so you can see these folks

809
00:35:39,950 --> 00:35:37,320
down here for scale

810
00:35:43,609 --> 00:35:39,960
uh

811
00:35:44,930 --> 00:35:43,619
I just want to emphasize and and take a

812
00:35:46,430 --> 00:35:44,940
moment to thank and appreciate the

813
00:35:49,550 --> 00:35:46,440
people who have spent the last two

814
00:35:52,730 --> 00:35:49,560
decades working to make this telescope a

815
00:35:55,010 --> 00:35:52,740
reality I say this to many people but I

816
00:35:57,349 --> 00:35:55,020
feel like I came into this field at

817
00:36:00,109 --> 00:35:57,359
exactly the right time and I feel really

818
00:36:02,450 --> 00:36:00,119
grateful for the people who have put in

819
00:36:05,450 --> 00:36:02,460
the work for so long to get us where we

820
00:36:09,170 --> 00:36:05,460
are now because I'm looking at data now

821
00:36:11,450 --> 00:36:09,180
that people uh you know 10 years ago

822
00:36:14,270 --> 00:36:11,460
wouldn't have been able to imagine that

823
00:36:18,069 --> 00:36:14,280
our data would have ever been this good

824
00:36:20,270 --> 00:36:18,079
so this telescope is really uh

825
00:36:22,730 --> 00:36:20,280
revolutionizing the the field of

826
00:36:24,589 --> 00:36:22,740
exoplanet atmospheres and we are really

827
00:36:27,290 --> 00:36:24,599
on the precipice of a new frontier

828
00:36:29,750 --> 00:36:27,300
because this telescope is more powerful

829
00:36:32,870 --> 00:36:29,760
than any other instrument that we've

830
00:36:36,170 --> 00:36:32,880
ever put into space before and we are

831
00:36:38,569 --> 00:36:36,180
actually able to look at rocky planets

832
00:36:41,329 --> 00:36:38,579
and look at their atmospheres for the

833
00:36:43,190 --> 00:36:41,339
very first time rocky planets are small

834
00:36:45,170 --> 00:36:43,200
right they're smaller than the hot

835
00:36:47,810 --> 00:36:45,180
Jupiters which means that they're

836
00:36:51,230 --> 00:36:47,820
equally harder to see and understand

837
00:36:55,069 --> 00:36:51,240
what's going on but we're doing it

838
00:36:57,290 --> 00:36:55,079
and I know that you're wondering how

839
00:37:00,530 --> 00:36:57,300
is the time where we roll up our sleeves

840
00:37:03,290 --> 00:37:00,540
and we take our pencils out and start

841
00:37:04,670 --> 00:37:03,300
vigorously taking notes no I'm just

842
00:37:06,589 --> 00:37:04,680
kidding I'm just kidding we're not doing

843
00:37:08,270 --> 00:37:06,599
that but we aren't I do want to tell you

844
00:37:10,790 --> 00:37:08,280
guys about the technique that we use

845
00:37:13,810 --> 00:37:10,800
because I think that it's

846
00:37:17,089 --> 00:37:13,820
one I think that it's just really cool

847
00:37:19,370 --> 00:37:17,099
and two I think that it's very important

848
00:37:22,130 --> 00:37:19,380
to actually understand how

849
00:37:26,150 --> 00:37:22,140
uh you know wear these where the

850
00:37:29,270 --> 00:37:26,160
information is and how how we get it

851
00:37:32,150 --> 00:37:29,280
so the technique that I use and that

852
00:37:34,910 --> 00:37:32,160
many exoplanet astronomers use is

853
00:37:36,290 --> 00:37:34,920
something called the transit technique

854
00:37:45,589 --> 00:37:36,300
so

855
00:37:48,770 --> 00:37:45,599
see the full thing I was uh I was in

856
00:37:52,130 --> 00:37:48,780
Florida at that time and it was partial

857
00:37:54,410 --> 00:37:52,140
but it was still spectacular

858
00:37:57,290 --> 00:37:54,420
uh and it's also hard to imagine that

859
00:37:59,569 --> 00:37:57,300
2017 was what six years ago now

860
00:38:01,849 --> 00:37:59,579
but

861
00:38:04,190 --> 00:38:01,859
during the solar eclipse

862
00:38:06,770 --> 00:38:04,200
and during any solar eclipse you have

863
00:38:09,230 --> 00:38:06,780
the moon coming between us and the Sun

864
00:38:11,630 --> 00:38:09,240
and when that happens the Moon is

865
00:38:12,950 --> 00:38:11,640
blocking the Sun the Sun's light so the

866
00:38:15,710 --> 00:38:12,960
amount of light that we're getting from

867
00:38:19,250 --> 00:38:15,720
the Sun is it decreasing obviously as

868
00:38:20,690 --> 00:38:19,260
the moon goes in front of the Sun

869
00:38:23,390 --> 00:38:20,700
this is

870
00:38:26,870 --> 00:38:23,400
exactly the same technique that we use

871
00:38:28,250 --> 00:38:26,880
every day to look for and characterize

872
00:38:30,410 --> 00:38:28,260
planets

873
00:38:33,050 --> 00:38:30,420
so if you take a step back instead of

874
00:38:36,829 --> 00:38:33,060
thinking of the Sun and the Moon you

875
00:38:40,370 --> 00:38:36,839
think of a star and its Planet you can

876
00:38:43,430 --> 00:38:40,380
say all right so here we have a star

877
00:38:46,670 --> 00:38:43,440
in the middle and we have a planet

878
00:38:50,210 --> 00:38:46,680
orbiting it and if a planet is at just

879
00:38:53,930 --> 00:38:50,220
the right angle relative to its star and

880
00:38:57,290 --> 00:38:53,940
relative to us it will pass between

881
00:39:00,770 --> 00:38:57,300
this between us and the star and it will

882
00:39:03,710 --> 00:39:00,780
block some of the star's light

883
00:39:05,390 --> 00:39:03,720
and we can measure this and we can say

884
00:39:07,310 --> 00:39:05,400
that there's a planet there

885
00:39:10,849 --> 00:39:07,320
and so I just wanted to pause for a

886
00:39:13,310 --> 00:39:10,859
second and say too that uh you know we

887
00:39:17,390 --> 00:39:13,320
we measure this because when we use

888
00:39:19,609 --> 00:39:17,400
telescopes like the web or Hubble or any

889
00:39:22,730 --> 00:39:19,619
ground telescope for that matter too

890
00:39:24,170 --> 00:39:22,740
it's it's no longer like that I'm going

891
00:39:26,089 --> 00:39:24,180
up to a telescope and I'm looking

892
00:39:29,089 --> 00:39:26,099
through it like sometimes you do on a

893
00:39:30,589 --> 00:39:29,099
cool space night you know uh and I still

894
00:39:32,569 --> 00:39:30,599
love to do that don't get me wrong I

895
00:39:35,810 --> 00:39:32,579
love looking through telescopes directly

896
00:39:39,230 --> 00:39:35,820
but my eye is now a lot less powerful

897
00:39:41,690 --> 00:39:39,240
than the computers and detectors that we

898
00:39:45,650 --> 00:39:41,700
have used to gather our data

899
00:39:47,930 --> 00:39:45,660
so everything is done uh digitally these

900
00:39:50,329 --> 00:39:47,940
days there's there's nothing that my eye

901
00:39:52,490 --> 00:39:50,339
can really do anymore so what the web

902
00:39:54,710 --> 00:39:52,500
telescope does is collect information

903
00:39:56,329 --> 00:39:54,720
about the amount of brightness we

904
00:39:58,069 --> 00:39:56,339
receive from a star

905
00:40:00,290 --> 00:39:58,079
over time

906
00:40:01,730 --> 00:40:00,300
and so that's what we're measuring so

907
00:40:05,270 --> 00:40:01,740
when the plan is not in front of the

908
00:40:08,510 --> 00:40:05,280
star and important an important caveat

909
00:40:10,569 --> 00:40:08,520
is if the star is a quiet star you can

910
00:40:13,670 --> 00:40:10,579
have stars that are

911
00:40:16,310 --> 00:40:13,680
that are full of activity and change too

912
00:40:18,230 --> 00:40:16,320
but we can just assume for now that the

913
00:40:20,510 --> 00:40:18,240
star is just quiet

914
00:40:22,010 --> 00:40:20,520
we would assume that you know the amount

915
00:40:25,010 --> 00:40:22,020
of brightness that we get from the star

916
00:40:27,050 --> 00:40:25,020
is the same over time but then all of a

917
00:40:30,470 --> 00:40:27,060
sudden as the planet passes in front of

918
00:40:34,370 --> 00:40:30,480
the star a small amount of of Starlight

919
00:40:36,770 --> 00:40:34,380
gets blocked and we see that as a dip in

920
00:40:37,849 --> 00:40:36,780
the plant in the star's light curve we

921
00:40:40,310 --> 00:40:37,859
call this

922
00:40:42,410 --> 00:40:40,320
now this plot I will admit is a little

923
00:40:45,290 --> 00:40:42,420
deceiving because it makes it look like

924
00:40:49,609 --> 00:40:45,300
half of the star's brightness is is

925
00:40:52,490 --> 00:40:49,619
getting blocked in reality this dip is a

926
00:40:54,470 --> 00:40:52,500
very small amount on the order of a

927
00:40:58,130 --> 00:40:54,480
tenth to one percent

928
00:41:00,109 --> 00:40:58,140
so it's a very small dip in Starlight

929
00:41:03,230 --> 00:41:00,119
but we are able to measure it

930
00:41:04,609 --> 00:41:03,240
and we call this dip the transit depth

931
00:41:07,130 --> 00:41:04,619
so you're going to hear me use that word

932
00:41:09,109 --> 00:41:07,140
a lot the transit depth is basically

933
00:41:11,990 --> 00:41:09,119
like the quintessential measurement that

934
00:41:14,810 --> 00:41:12,000
we take and this tells us the size of

935
00:41:16,490 --> 00:41:14,820
the planet right because if you think

936
00:41:18,410 --> 00:41:16,500
about it

937
00:41:20,990 --> 00:41:18,420
a bigger planet

938
00:41:22,190 --> 00:41:21,000
is going to block more of the Stars

939
00:41:25,910 --> 00:41:22,200
light

940
00:41:28,430 --> 00:41:25,920
the very nature that it is it's larger

941
00:41:30,170 --> 00:41:28,440
so it's covering a higher fraction of

942
00:41:32,569 --> 00:41:30,180
the star's disk

943
00:41:36,349 --> 00:41:32,579
and so that's why it's easier to detect

944
00:41:39,109 --> 00:41:36,359
bigger planets using this technique

945
00:41:41,210 --> 00:41:39,119
we uh so for the longest time and in

946
00:41:44,089 --> 00:41:41,220
fact the planet that was discovered in

947
00:41:46,730 --> 00:41:44,099
1995 was a big gas giant and many

948
00:41:47,930 --> 00:41:46,740
planets were for for several years after

949
00:41:50,210 --> 00:41:47,940
that

950
00:41:53,870 --> 00:41:50,220
and so you can see the difference again

951
00:41:56,510 --> 00:41:53,880
this is highly uh dramaticized but you

952
00:41:59,329 --> 00:41:56,520
can see that a jupiter-sized planet the

953
00:42:02,089 --> 00:41:59,339
light curve the transit depth is going

954
00:42:04,010 --> 00:42:02,099
to be much bigger than say an

955
00:42:06,710 --> 00:42:04,020
earth-sized planet where it just dips

956
00:42:08,630 --> 00:42:06,720
down a little bit

957
00:42:10,550 --> 00:42:08,640
so I want you to just remember this

958
00:42:13,970 --> 00:42:10,560
because this is going to be very

959
00:42:19,490 --> 00:42:17,270
and again with jwst it's more powerful

960
00:42:22,550 --> 00:42:19,500
and we can actually start looking at

961
00:42:25,069 --> 00:42:22,560
these earth-sized planets

962
00:42:26,990 --> 00:42:25,079
okay but I have been kind of alluding to

963
00:42:28,190 --> 00:42:27,000
the fact that we don't just care about

964
00:42:34,670 --> 00:42:28,200
the planet

965
00:42:36,650 --> 00:42:34,680
atmosphere

966
00:42:38,530 --> 00:42:36,660
and I'm going to talk to you about how

967
00:42:41,690 --> 00:42:38,540
we do that

968
00:42:44,089 --> 00:42:41,700
so if you think about it

969
00:42:48,230 --> 00:42:44,099
as the planet is coming in front of the

970
00:42:50,030 --> 00:42:48,240
star the sunlight is or the Starlight is

971
00:42:52,310 --> 00:42:50,040
actually hitting the planet's atmosphere

972
00:42:55,010 --> 00:42:52,320
and filtering through the planet's

973
00:42:57,290 --> 00:42:55,020
atmosphere so in this graphic you can

974
00:43:00,470 --> 00:42:57,300
see you can pretend that this black

975
00:43:03,829 --> 00:43:00,480
circle is the planet and then the tiny

976
00:43:06,109 --> 00:43:03,839
blue Rim around that is the planet's

977
00:43:08,930 --> 00:43:06,119
atmosphere

978
00:43:11,510 --> 00:43:08,940
and this information this actually gives

979
00:43:13,490 --> 00:43:11,520
us information about what is inside the

980
00:43:15,829 --> 00:43:13,500
atmosphere because the atoms and the

981
00:43:19,130 --> 00:43:15,839
molecules that exist in the atmosphere

982
00:43:21,470 --> 00:43:19,140
actually imprint a signature on the

983
00:43:25,849 --> 00:43:21,480
light that we see

984
00:43:26,750 --> 00:43:25,859
so we are going to dive into how this

985
00:43:28,309 --> 00:43:26,760
works

986
00:43:30,410 --> 00:43:28,319
are you ready

987
00:43:31,430 --> 00:43:30,420
I think so I think so

988
00:43:34,970 --> 00:43:31,440
okay

989
00:43:39,109 --> 00:43:34,980
so the reason that this works uh is if

990
00:43:41,510 --> 00:43:39,119
you think back again to you know the

991
00:43:44,870 --> 00:43:41,520
last cool astronomy talk that you went

992
00:43:47,210 --> 00:43:44,880
to or think or dig farther back to some

993
00:43:51,290 --> 00:43:47,220
lab experiments that you did in school

994
00:43:54,829 --> 00:43:51,300
growing up we remember that if you split

995
00:43:58,730 --> 00:43:54,839
light if you if you put light through a

996
00:43:59,870 --> 00:43:58,740
prism it is split into its constituent

997
00:44:04,069 --> 00:43:59,880
colors

998
00:44:07,250 --> 00:44:04,079
of the rainbow

999
00:44:10,550 --> 00:44:07,260
and why is this well this is because

1000
00:44:13,130 --> 00:44:10,560
light is a wave

1001
00:44:15,050 --> 00:44:13,140
if we want I'm going to talk to you a

1002
00:44:17,050 --> 00:44:15,060
little bit about just some terminology

1003
00:44:20,630 --> 00:44:17,060
because again I'm going to use it a lot

1004
00:44:23,990 --> 00:44:20,640
and so light is a wave

1005
00:44:27,170 --> 00:44:24,000
with very specific wavelengths and so a

1006
00:44:29,690 --> 00:44:27,180
wavelength if you have a wave here is

1007
00:44:32,690 --> 00:44:29,700
literally just the different the the

1008
00:44:36,349 --> 00:44:32,700
distance between one Crest one peak of

1009
00:44:38,390 --> 00:44:36,359
the wave and the next so the calmer of

1010
00:44:41,470 --> 00:44:38,400
the wave if you think about the beach

1011
00:44:44,210 --> 00:44:41,480
and you just everything's very calm and

1012
00:44:45,829 --> 00:44:44,220
you know there's not big Windstorm or

1013
00:44:48,589 --> 00:44:45,839
something that would have long

1014
00:44:51,470 --> 00:44:48,599
wavelengths because the distance between

1015
00:44:53,809 --> 00:44:51,480
crests are big but if you had a big old

1016
00:44:56,390 --> 00:44:53,819
storm and things were really choppy and

1017
00:44:58,370 --> 00:44:56,400
and highly energetic that wavelength

1018
00:45:00,829 --> 00:44:58,380
would be shorter because the distance

1019
00:45:03,050 --> 00:45:00,839
between the peaks of the Waves would be

1020
00:45:05,690 --> 00:45:03,060
shorter

1021
00:45:07,550 --> 00:45:05,700
the same is true for light and that is

1022
00:45:09,710 --> 00:45:07,560
the difference say between red light and

1023
00:45:12,050 --> 00:45:09,720
blue light the red light has a longer

1024
00:45:14,990 --> 00:45:12,060
wavelength than blue light and that is

1025
00:45:17,569 --> 00:45:15,000
why light gets split up into its

1026
00:45:20,589 --> 00:45:17,579
different colors so we can see red light

1027
00:45:24,490 --> 00:45:20,599
down here is around

1028
00:45:28,250 --> 00:45:24,500
650 nanometers and M is just nanometers

1029
00:45:30,770 --> 00:45:28,260
versus blue or Violet is all the way

1030
00:45:33,170 --> 00:45:30,780
down to 400 that wavelength is all the

1031
00:45:36,770 --> 00:45:33,180
way down to 400 nanometers

1032
00:45:38,930 --> 00:45:36,780
and so this is very critical so light is

1033
00:45:40,550 --> 00:45:38,940
a wave and different colors represent

1034
00:45:45,050 --> 00:45:40,560
different wavelengths

1035
00:45:47,809 --> 00:45:45,060
we often now we often learn about this

1036
00:45:50,230 --> 00:45:47,819
in reference to visible light but this

1037
00:45:52,430 --> 00:45:50,240
is actually true across the entire

1038
00:45:55,490 --> 00:45:52,440
electromagnetic spectrum

1039
00:45:58,730 --> 00:45:55,500
so we have visible light up here but as

1040
00:46:02,089 --> 00:45:58,740
you may know visible light is just a

1041
00:46:04,730 --> 00:46:02,099
tiny tiny sliver right here of the

1042
00:46:07,730 --> 00:46:04,740
entire electromagnetic spectrum

1043
00:46:09,770 --> 00:46:07,740
so we have from highly energetic gamma

1044
00:46:12,470 --> 00:46:09,780
rays down to your x-rays just like you

1045
00:46:14,089 --> 00:46:12,480
get at the doctor's office into your

1046
00:46:16,910 --> 00:46:14,099
infrared like those cool night vision

1047
00:46:19,190 --> 00:46:16,920
goggles all the way into the radio and

1048
00:46:22,730 --> 00:46:19,200
yes that radio

1049
00:46:24,589 --> 00:46:22,740
and all of these different all of these

1050
00:46:28,730 --> 00:46:24,599
different regions of Light have

1051
00:46:32,750 --> 00:46:30,349
all right

1052
00:46:36,530 --> 00:46:32,760
are you with me still

1053
00:46:38,390 --> 00:46:36,540
now this is really important because the

1054
00:46:41,030 --> 00:46:38,400
way because of the way that light

1055
00:46:43,430 --> 00:46:41,040
interacts with matter basically if you

1056
00:46:46,010 --> 00:46:43,440
wanted to summarize astronomy in a

1057
00:46:48,650 --> 00:46:46,020
nutshell we just we try to figure out

1058
00:46:51,589 --> 00:46:48,660
how light interacts with atoms and

1059
00:46:53,690 --> 00:46:51,599
particles and then interpret that based

1060
00:46:57,530 --> 00:46:53,700
on what we are seeing

1061
00:47:01,069 --> 00:46:57,540
and so if we had say an atom

1062
00:47:02,630 --> 00:47:01,079
in a planet's atmosphere the light is

1063
00:47:05,089 --> 00:47:02,640
coming from the star

1064
00:47:07,430 --> 00:47:05,099
hitting that atom and interacting with

1065
00:47:09,530 --> 00:47:07,440
it but it's interacting with it in a

1066
00:47:12,770 --> 00:47:09,540
very particular way

1067
00:47:14,829 --> 00:47:12,780
and what's happening is that if you have

1068
00:47:17,750 --> 00:47:14,839
an atom

1069
00:47:19,550 --> 00:47:17,760
represented here by these uh by these

1070
00:47:22,490 --> 00:47:19,560
concentric circles

1071
00:47:24,349 --> 00:47:22,500
atoms and molecules will absorb some of

1072
00:47:26,690 --> 00:47:24,359
that weight some of that light coming in

1073
00:47:28,970 --> 00:47:26,700
from the Star again the light coming the

1074
00:47:32,450 --> 00:47:28,980
light is coming in from the Star at all

1075
00:47:35,210 --> 00:47:32,460
wavelengths however the atoms are only

1076
00:47:37,970 --> 00:47:35,220
absorbing light at very particular

1077
00:47:39,349 --> 00:47:37,980
wavelengths and this imparts a chemical

1078
00:47:42,890 --> 00:47:39,359
signature

1079
00:47:46,790 --> 00:47:42,900
and so if you had an observer say on

1080
00:47:49,849 --> 00:47:46,800
Earth looking back at these uh at this

1081
00:47:52,130 --> 00:47:49,859
planet's atmosphere you would see the

1082
00:47:54,109 --> 00:47:52,140
full electromagnetic spectrum but you

1083
00:47:58,069 --> 00:47:54,119
would see light being blocked at very

1084
00:48:00,589 --> 00:47:58,079
specific wavelengths correlating with uh

1085
00:48:03,410 --> 00:48:00,599
correlating with the wavelengths that

1086
00:48:04,790 --> 00:48:03,420
are being absorbed by the atom or

1087
00:48:08,390 --> 00:48:04,800
molecule

1088
00:48:09,650 --> 00:48:08,400
and so this gives us a spectrum and so

1089
00:48:11,089 --> 00:48:09,660
anytime I'm going to use the word

1090
00:48:12,589 --> 00:48:11,099
spectrum a lot for the rest of the talk

1091
00:48:14,870 --> 00:48:12,599
and anytime I say Spectrum I'm just

1092
00:48:17,210 --> 00:48:14,880
talking about uh you know the the

1093
00:48:20,690 --> 00:48:17,220
measurement of the amount of light or

1094
00:48:22,970 --> 00:48:20,700
the intensity on the y-axis across

1095
00:48:24,230 --> 00:48:22,980
different wavelengths on the x-axis so

1096
00:48:25,849 --> 00:48:24,240
we're going to look at several plots

1097
00:48:28,730 --> 00:48:25,859
like this and you might see different

1098
00:48:32,809 --> 00:48:28,740
words here you might see Transit depth

1099
00:48:34,609 --> 00:48:32,819
you might see flux but you can just

1100
00:48:37,790 --> 00:48:34,619
think of this as the amount of light

1101
00:48:41,569 --> 00:48:37,800
receipt and you can see that

1102
00:48:43,670 --> 00:48:41,579
uh this is just a particular example say

1103
00:48:46,250 --> 00:48:43,680
hydrogen if there was hydrogen in a

1104
00:48:50,030 --> 00:48:46,260
planet's atmosphere it would block light

1105
00:48:52,550 --> 00:48:50,040
at very specific wavelengths so you see

1106
00:48:54,910 --> 00:48:52,560
these dips here where hydrogen is

1107
00:48:58,150 --> 00:48:54,920
absorbing the light

1108
00:49:00,589 --> 00:48:58,160
okay so like let's go back to talk about

1109
00:49:02,990 --> 00:49:00,599
what this has to do with planets because

1110
00:49:05,030 --> 00:49:03,000
I know we did kind of a little bit of a

1111
00:49:07,490 --> 00:49:05,040
deep dive into physics here but let's

1112
00:49:10,490 --> 00:49:07,500
let's bring it back to planets so

1113
00:49:12,890 --> 00:49:10,500
remember that the quintessential

1114
00:49:15,290 --> 00:49:12,900
measurement that we're making is this

1115
00:49:18,410 --> 00:49:15,300
Transit depth understanding the amount

1116
00:49:19,910 --> 00:49:18,420
of dip in Starlight when a planet passes

1117
00:49:22,069 --> 00:49:19,920
in front of its star

1118
00:49:23,030 --> 00:49:22,079
but the key is that we don't just do

1119
00:49:26,930 --> 00:49:23,040
this

1120
00:49:29,650 --> 00:49:26,940
at one wavelength we do it at a bunch

1121
00:49:33,770 --> 00:49:29,660
and that will actually change

1122
00:49:36,349 --> 00:49:33,780
the change the size of the planet to

1123
00:49:38,990 --> 00:49:36,359
tell us uh to tell us what it's made of

1124
00:49:44,930 --> 00:49:39,000
and the way this works

1125
00:49:48,050 --> 00:49:44,940
is that we can we can have a planet so

1126
00:49:50,230 --> 00:49:48,060
here is a fancier drawing of a star with

1127
00:49:56,329 --> 00:49:50,240
a planet in front of it

1128
00:49:59,390 --> 00:49:56,339
and you can imagine that as a that the

1129
00:50:02,030 --> 00:49:59,400
molecules in the atmosphere are going to

1130
00:50:04,190 --> 00:50:02,040
block light at very specific wavelengths

1131
00:50:07,910 --> 00:50:04,200
and so let's say let's pretend for a

1132
00:50:10,790 --> 00:50:07,920
moment that this green Rim around here

1133
00:50:12,770 --> 00:50:10,800
is hydrogen again all of this is just

1134
00:50:14,630 --> 00:50:12,780
hypothetical not necessarily saying but

1135
00:50:18,050 --> 00:50:14,640
that is where hydrogen is that's not

1136
00:50:22,210 --> 00:50:18,060
true but let's pretend that this this

1137
00:50:26,809 --> 00:50:22,220
green Rim is hydrogen now

1138
00:50:30,109 --> 00:50:26,819
uh at 2.1 microns hydrogen all of a

1139
00:50:34,250 --> 00:50:30,119
sudden is going to absorb the light the

1140
00:50:36,710 --> 00:50:34,260
light at 2.1 microns coming from they

1141
00:50:39,770 --> 00:50:36,720
coming from the Star and that makes the

1142
00:50:41,950 --> 00:50:39,780
planet actually appear bigger or let's

1143
00:50:45,290 --> 00:50:41,960
say at 1.8 microns

1144
00:50:47,450 --> 00:50:45,300
the we'll call this carbon actually

1145
00:50:50,270 --> 00:50:47,460
makes the planet appear even bigger than

1146
00:50:52,730 --> 00:50:50,280
that and so this actually changes the

1147
00:50:55,430 --> 00:50:52,740
transit depth at different wavelengths

1148
00:50:58,849 --> 00:50:55,440
again remember because the transit depth

1149
00:51:03,230 --> 00:50:58,859
is dependent on the size of the planet

1150
00:51:06,410 --> 00:51:03,240
so the key takeaway here is that the

1151
00:51:09,410 --> 00:51:06,420
molecules in a planet's atmosphere are

1152
00:51:12,470 --> 00:51:09,420
going to induce a wavelength dependent

1153
00:51:14,150 --> 00:51:12,480
change in transit depth

1154
00:51:15,530 --> 00:51:14,160
and we're going to do this together so

1155
00:51:17,930 --> 00:51:15,540
you can actually really see what it

1156
00:51:21,410 --> 00:51:19,549
here we have

1157
00:51:24,470 --> 00:51:21,420
our make-believe planet with our

1158
00:51:26,990 --> 00:51:24,480
make-believe uh colors in the atmosphere

1159
00:51:28,549 --> 00:51:27,000
and here are the associated Transit

1160
00:51:31,250 --> 00:51:28,559
depths so you can see that the orange

1161
00:51:34,609 --> 00:51:31,260
one is the biggest and so

1162
00:51:36,890 --> 00:51:34,619
the transit depth is the deepest and so

1163
00:51:40,549 --> 00:51:36,900
what we'll do is we'll measure these

1164
00:51:42,290 --> 00:51:40,559
three so we'll measure the side we'll

1165
00:51:46,130 --> 00:51:42,300
measure the transit depth

1166
00:51:49,549 --> 00:51:46,140
at Green at 2.1 we'll measure it at 1.8

1167
00:51:51,410 --> 00:51:49,559
and we'll measure it at 2.3

1168
00:51:53,870 --> 00:51:51,420
and I'm going to give you just some

1169
00:51:57,589 --> 00:51:53,880
arbitrary numbers here and we can just

1170
00:51:59,750 --> 00:51:57,599
pretend that these are we can just say

1171
00:52:01,069 --> 00:51:59,760
that you know let's call this one let's

1172
00:52:06,170 --> 00:52:01,079
call this

1173
00:52:08,650 --> 00:52:06,180
and what we're going to do now instead

1174
00:52:12,170 --> 00:52:08,660
of making a plot that's brightness

1175
00:52:14,089 --> 00:52:12,180
versus time we're actually just going to

1176
00:52:16,069 --> 00:52:14,099
plot these two things against each other

1177
00:52:19,790 --> 00:52:16,079
so we're going to plot wavelength and

1178
00:52:24,230 --> 00:52:21,349
and so

1179
00:52:27,349 --> 00:52:24,240
what we'll do is we'll put Transit depth

1180
00:52:30,049 --> 00:52:27,359
on the y-axis and we'll put wavelength

1181
00:52:32,329 --> 00:52:30,059
on the x-axis and so let's we'll do it

1182
00:52:35,150 --> 00:52:32,339
together okay so if we have wavelength

1183
00:52:38,930 --> 00:52:35,160
at 1.8 which corresponds to a Transit

1184
00:52:42,230 --> 00:52:38,940
depth of two so here's 1.8 and there's

1185
00:52:44,930 --> 00:52:42,240
two so there's our purple fuchsia

1186
00:52:49,190 --> 00:52:44,940
magenta Dot we can do the same thing

1187
00:52:51,890 --> 00:52:49,200
with green green is at 2.1 microns and a

1188
00:52:54,290 --> 00:52:51,900
Transit depth at one so we'll plot that

1189
00:52:58,609 --> 00:52:54,300
green point right there and then finally

1190
00:53:01,549 --> 00:52:58,619
that orange point is 2.3 microns

1191
00:53:05,150 --> 00:53:01,559
four so we'll put that right there

1192
00:53:08,569 --> 00:53:05,160
and this is our transmission Spectrum

1193
00:53:09,890 --> 00:53:08,579
this is what I spend my days trying to

1194
00:53:12,230 --> 00:53:09,900
make

1195
00:53:14,690 --> 00:53:12,240
now the really really important point

1196
00:53:17,329 --> 00:53:14,700
that I want you to take away from this

1197
00:53:20,329 --> 00:53:17,339
plot is that the fact that these points

1198
00:53:22,910 --> 00:53:20,339
are not at the same depth at every

1199
00:53:25,910 --> 00:53:22,920
wavelength suggest that the planet has

1200
00:53:28,370 --> 00:53:25,920
an atmosphere because it suggests that

1201
00:53:30,770 --> 00:53:28,380
there are molecules in the atmosphere

1202
00:53:33,710 --> 00:53:30,780
that are absorbing at very specific

1203
00:53:36,230 --> 00:53:33,720
wavelengths causing the planet to change

1204
00:53:39,109 --> 00:53:36,240
its apparent size in a wavelength

1205
00:53:43,069 --> 00:53:39,119
dependent manner

1206
00:53:45,109 --> 00:53:43,079
so you might ask me okay what happens if

1207
00:53:47,089 --> 00:53:45,119
we just see this

1208
00:53:49,790 --> 00:53:47,099
what happens if we don't see any

1209
00:53:52,309 --> 00:53:49,800
difference in the transit depth across

1210
00:53:55,910 --> 00:53:52,319
all of the different wavelengths

1211
00:53:58,010 --> 00:53:55,920
that would suggest that the planet has

1212
00:53:59,809 --> 00:53:58,020
no atmosphere in other words that the

1213
00:54:01,370 --> 00:53:59,819
spectrum is flat

1214
00:54:04,010 --> 00:54:01,380
because

1215
00:54:06,849 --> 00:54:04,020
this is basically telling us that

1216
00:54:09,829 --> 00:54:06,859
there's nothing about the planet that's

1217
00:54:12,349 --> 00:54:09,839
changing across wavelengths meaning

1218
00:54:14,450 --> 00:54:12,359
there are no atoms or molecules that are

1219
00:54:17,569 --> 00:54:14,460
absorbing at specific wavelengths

1220
00:54:19,549 --> 00:54:17,579
causing specific changes everything is

1221
00:54:24,710 --> 00:54:19,559
the same

1222
00:54:27,950 --> 00:54:24,720
uh so if a spectrum is a flat line we we

1223
00:54:30,470 --> 00:54:27,960
think that it likely does not have an

1224
00:54:32,450 --> 00:54:30,480
atmosphere or at least not a detectable

1225
00:54:34,730 --> 00:54:32,460
atmosphere we'll get more into this

1226
00:54:36,470 --> 00:54:34,740
later

1227
00:54:39,950 --> 00:54:36,480
okay

1228
00:54:42,530 --> 00:54:39,960
so again just to kind of summarize and

1229
00:54:45,290 --> 00:54:42,540
make sure we're all on the same page we

1230
00:54:47,230 --> 00:54:45,300
can look at these Transit depths at

1231
00:54:49,849 --> 00:54:47,240
different wavelengths and that tells us

1232
00:54:52,609 --> 00:54:49,859
what is in the atmosphere

1233
00:54:53,990 --> 00:54:52,619
and we use the molecules that are in the

1234
00:54:55,670 --> 00:54:54,000
atmosphere to then tell us about

1235
00:54:57,109 --> 00:54:55,680
something that's in the planet but to

1236
00:55:00,170 --> 00:54:57,119
tell us something about the planet right

1237
00:55:02,569 --> 00:55:00,180
so if a planet say

1238
00:55:05,990 --> 00:55:02,579
uh like Earth if we were to look at

1239
00:55:08,030 --> 00:55:06,000
Earth we would expect to see ozone in

1240
00:55:09,890 --> 00:55:08,040
Earth's transmission spectrum because we

1241
00:55:13,069 --> 00:55:09,900
know there's ozone in Earth's atmosphere

1242
00:55:16,390 --> 00:55:13,079
that tells us things like you know we we

1243
00:55:19,130 --> 00:55:16,400
think that ozone might be a

1244
00:55:22,250 --> 00:55:19,140
biosignature if you couple it with other

1245
00:55:25,309 --> 00:55:22,260
molecules under certain situations

1246
00:55:27,650 --> 00:55:25,319
uh you can also say oh all right I want

1247
00:55:31,430 --> 00:55:27,660
I see I only see water on this world

1248
00:55:33,589 --> 00:55:31,440
maybe this world is an ocean world

1249
00:55:36,049 --> 00:55:33,599
again we're really in the early stages

1250
00:55:39,950 --> 00:55:36,059
of trying to

1251
00:55:41,510 --> 00:55:39,960
um go from this uh leftmost point to the

1252
00:55:43,190 --> 00:55:41,520
rightmost point we're trying to under

1253
00:55:44,870 --> 00:55:43,200
we're trying to see what molecules are

1254
00:55:46,970 --> 00:55:44,880
in the atmosphere and then interpret

1255
00:55:50,270 --> 00:55:46,980
them based on what we know about the

1256
00:55:52,069 --> 00:55:50,280
planet's radius and mass and kind of

1257
00:55:53,690 --> 00:55:52,079
create a picture of the planet because

1258
00:55:55,730 --> 00:55:53,700
with all of this we're never actually

1259
00:55:57,710 --> 00:55:55,740
like taking an image of the planet right

1260
00:56:01,790 --> 00:55:57,720
all we're getting is the Starlight from

1261
00:56:05,569 --> 00:56:01,800
the planet which means that we right now

1262
00:56:08,270 --> 00:56:05,579
you know only have validation from these

1263
00:56:10,430 --> 00:56:08,280
Spectrum from from the Spectra we don't

1264
00:56:15,410 --> 00:56:10,440
can't actually take a snapshot of it

1265
00:56:21,170 --> 00:56:17,990
's doing a great job I think that we're

1266
00:56:23,329 --> 00:56:21,180
ready to look at some real data now I'm

1267
00:56:25,430 --> 00:56:23,339
excited to show you this because it's it

1268
00:56:28,809 --> 00:56:25,440
is beautiful I think it's beautiful and

1269
00:56:33,710 --> 00:56:28,819
I hope you will too so this says data

1270
00:56:36,049 --> 00:56:33,720
that my friend and colleague Zafar uh

1271
00:56:37,910 --> 00:56:36,059
worked on very hard last year and it was

1272
00:56:40,730 --> 00:56:37,920
actually presented to Congress a few

1273
00:56:43,609 --> 00:56:40,740
months ago so I just always have to uh

1274
00:56:45,770 --> 00:56:43,619
brag about that presented in a good way

1275
00:56:47,450 --> 00:56:45,780
to say you know look at what the James

1276
00:56:49,670 --> 00:56:47,460
Webb Telescope has been able to

1277
00:56:55,549 --> 00:56:49,680
accomplish so what you're looking at

1278
00:56:58,250 --> 00:56:55,559
here are the are various light curves at

1279
00:57:01,250 --> 00:56:58,260
different wavelengths so this is

1280
00:57:05,210 --> 00:57:01,260
my crons are micrometers this is again

1281
00:57:07,309 --> 00:57:05,220
just a different uh unit of distance and

1282
00:57:10,130 --> 00:57:07,319
this offset that you use is just

1283
00:57:11,569 --> 00:57:10,140
arbitrary it's uh we're seeing them

1284
00:57:13,549 --> 00:57:11,579
stacked on top of each other just to

1285
00:57:17,510 --> 00:57:13,559
make a really pretty picture

1286
00:57:20,809 --> 00:57:17,520
but you can see this transition from the

1287
00:57:23,870 --> 00:57:20,819
redder wavelengths all the way down to

1288
00:57:26,990 --> 00:57:23,880
Bluer wavelengths

1289
00:57:29,150 --> 00:57:27,000
and so then what Safar did was measure

1290
00:57:31,250 --> 00:57:29,160
that Transit depth in all of these

1291
00:57:35,089 --> 00:57:31,260
different wavelength bins we call them

1292
00:57:36,109 --> 00:57:35,099
just like we did before and he made this

1293
00:57:39,349 --> 00:57:36,119
graph

1294
00:57:42,410 --> 00:57:39,359
he might have seen it before this is a

1295
00:57:44,690 --> 00:57:42,420
transmission spectrum of the hot Jupiter

1296
00:57:47,809 --> 00:57:44,700
wasp 39b

1297
00:57:50,030 --> 00:57:47,819
and look at this so we have again you

1298
00:57:51,410 --> 00:57:50,040
can think of here just the amount of

1299
00:57:54,710 --> 00:57:51,420
that you can think of this is the

1300
00:57:57,589 --> 00:57:54,720
transit depth on the y-axis compared to

1301
00:57:59,450 --> 00:57:57,599
wavelength on the x-axis and we can see

1302
00:58:02,089 --> 00:57:59,460
Peaks here where there's a sodium

1303
00:58:04,910 --> 00:58:02,099
feature here where there is a big carbon

1304
00:58:06,890 --> 00:58:04,920
dioxide feature and then even bigger one

1305
00:58:10,250 --> 00:58:06,900
over here

1306
00:58:13,370 --> 00:58:10,260
right around 4.3 micrometers

1307
00:58:16,549 --> 00:58:13,380
we can also see a small bump here that

1308
00:58:18,049 --> 00:58:16,559
we determined was sulfur dioxide and

1309
00:58:21,410 --> 00:58:18,059
that was the first time this molecule

1310
00:58:23,930 --> 00:58:21,420
was ever detected in an exoplanet

1311
00:58:28,849 --> 00:58:23,940
and so this is

1312
00:58:31,010 --> 00:58:28,859
a big deal because one it's the bin the

1313
00:58:34,329 --> 00:58:31,020
widest wavelength coverage that we have

1314
00:58:36,650 --> 00:58:34,339
ever been able to do with any kind of

1315
00:58:41,150 --> 00:58:36,660
spectroscopy before

1316
00:58:44,049 --> 00:58:41,160
Hubble looks at a smaller subset of this

1317
00:58:47,030 --> 00:58:44,059
region but never before have we had an

1318
00:58:51,049 --> 00:58:47,040
near-infrared detector that measures

1319
00:58:53,870 --> 00:58:51,059
more than one micron at such high at a

1320
00:58:57,530 --> 00:58:53,880
high resolution in space

1321
00:58:59,270 --> 00:58:57,540
and so we are able to see these

1322
00:59:00,650 --> 00:58:59,280
molecules for the very first time even

1323
00:59:02,089 --> 00:59:00,660
though we thought they would be there so

1324
00:59:05,270 --> 00:59:02,099
you know we thought there was likely

1325
00:59:07,910 --> 00:59:05,280
carbon dioxide in this gas giant but

1326
00:59:11,150 --> 00:59:07,920
nobody had ever measured it before and

1327
00:59:13,190 --> 00:59:11,160
so with gas giants in particular now

1328
00:59:15,049 --> 00:59:13,200
we're going to be able to take these

1329
00:59:17,390 --> 00:59:15,059
beautiful Spectra and really understand

1330
00:59:19,670 --> 00:59:17,400
the physics and chemistry of what's

1331
00:59:23,450 --> 00:59:19,680
going on and try to help answer

1332
00:59:26,750 --> 00:59:23,460
questions like do all are do all

1333
00:59:29,990 --> 00:59:26,760
Jupiters form in the same way do they

1334
00:59:32,329 --> 00:59:30,000
form far away from the Star and then

1335
00:59:34,069 --> 00:59:32,339
migrate do they all form where they are

1336
00:59:36,370 --> 00:59:34,079
we're going to really work to understand

1337
00:59:39,349 --> 00:59:36,380
to use these planets to understand

1338
00:59:43,309 --> 00:59:39,359
Planet formation in context and to

1339
00:59:46,250 --> 00:59:43,319
understand you know if all solar systems

1340
00:59:47,510 --> 00:59:46,260
form the same way or if there are a wide

1341
00:59:50,329 --> 00:59:47,520
variety

1342
00:59:57,109 --> 00:59:53,630
types but for now uh we're gonna keep

1343
00:59:59,150 --> 00:59:57,119
going and we are going to talk again

1344
01:00:01,370 --> 00:59:59,160
about rocky planets because I know

1345
01:00:03,829 --> 01:00:01,380
that's why many of you are here and I

1346
01:00:06,349 --> 01:00:03,839
admit that I get very excited about

1347
01:00:08,750 --> 01:00:06,359
rocky planets too

1348
01:00:10,609 --> 01:00:08,760
uh and before we dive into the rocky

1349
01:00:13,190 --> 01:00:10,619
planets I just wanted to give you one

1350
01:00:15,650 --> 01:00:13,200
more caveat that it's not just the size

1351
01:00:17,809 --> 01:00:15,660
of the planet that matters in changing

1352
01:00:20,990 --> 01:00:17,819
the transit depth but it's also the size

1353
01:00:23,030 --> 01:00:21,000
of the star because remember the transit

1354
01:00:26,030 --> 01:00:23,040
depth is dependent on the amount of

1355
01:00:28,549 --> 01:00:26,040
Starlight that blocked which is of

1356
01:00:31,250 --> 01:00:28,559
course dependent on both the size of the

1357
01:00:33,890 --> 01:00:31,260
planet and the size of the star so if

1358
01:00:37,130 --> 01:00:33,900
you have a smaller star a

1359
01:00:38,569 --> 01:00:37,140
correspondingly larger fraction of

1360
01:00:42,289 --> 01:00:38,579
Starlight

1361
01:00:45,530 --> 01:00:42,299
is blocked and so the ideal scenario is

1362
01:00:48,890 --> 01:00:45,540
to have as big a star a bigger planet

1363
01:00:49,970 --> 01:00:48,900
you can around as small a star as

1364
01:00:52,309 --> 01:00:49,980
possible

1365
01:00:55,370 --> 01:00:52,319
and so what this is really brought

1366
01:00:58,490 --> 01:00:55,380
astronomers to is something that we call

1367
01:01:00,170 --> 01:00:58,500
the M dwarf opportunity and to explain

1368
01:01:01,849 --> 01:01:00,180
what that means we're going to take a

1369
01:01:04,309 --> 01:01:01,859
small pause and I'm just going to tell

1370
01:01:07,250 --> 01:01:04,319
you that there are many different types

1371
01:01:10,670 --> 01:01:07,260
of stars we tend to think of

1372
01:01:13,069 --> 01:01:10,680
them all the same when you look up at at

1373
01:01:15,049 --> 01:01:13,079
the stars at night but in fact even with

1374
01:01:17,270 --> 01:01:15,059
your naked eye you can see that some

1375
01:01:19,309 --> 01:01:17,280
stars appear to be bluish while some

1376
01:01:22,670 --> 01:01:19,319
stars appear to be a little bit more red

1377
01:01:24,770 --> 01:01:22,680
there are different types of stars which

1378
01:01:26,870 --> 01:01:24,780
correspond to their size and their

1379
01:01:28,670 --> 01:01:26,880
temperature this is related to that HR

1380
01:01:32,150 --> 01:01:28,680
diagram that Frank was talking about

1381
01:01:34,910 --> 01:01:32,160
earlier before the talk started

1382
01:01:37,370 --> 01:01:34,920
so the sun is a g-type star right here

1383
01:01:40,490 --> 01:01:37,380
and so it's it's pretty average as far

1384
01:01:43,370 --> 01:01:40,500
as size goes I I know the O and B stars

1385
01:01:45,410 --> 01:01:43,380
are huge but we as exoplanets we don't

1386
01:01:50,150 --> 01:01:45,420
we don't really focus on these Stars too

1387
01:01:53,690 --> 01:01:50,160
much yet we really focus on uh the mkg

1388
01:01:55,849 --> 01:01:53,700
and F Stars over here on the left and so

1389
01:01:59,270 --> 01:01:55,859
the sun is pretty average but look how

1390
01:02:01,670 --> 01:01:59,280
small these M dwarf stars are so M stars

1391
01:02:03,410 --> 01:02:01,680
are the smallest star possible which

1392
01:02:06,170 --> 01:02:03,420
means that the data that we collect

1393
01:02:08,930 --> 01:02:06,180
about their planets are going to be the

1394
01:02:10,789 --> 01:02:08,940
the highest quality and so

1395
01:02:13,010 --> 01:02:10,799
for rocky planets we've really called

1396
01:02:16,549 --> 01:02:13,020
this the M dwarf opportunity because

1397
01:02:19,490 --> 01:02:16,559
rocky planets are really hard to detect

1398
01:02:22,670 --> 01:02:19,500
and characterize and so the smaller the

1399
01:02:24,890 --> 01:02:22,680
star the easier it is so we're really

1400
01:02:27,049 --> 01:02:24,900
focused here

1401
01:02:29,150 --> 01:02:27,059
the other caveat to that is that M

1402
01:02:32,930 --> 01:02:29,160
dwarfs are

1403
01:02:36,289 --> 01:02:32,940
are cooler so the smaller the star is

1404
01:02:38,750 --> 01:02:36,299
the cooler it is and that means that the

1405
01:02:40,370 --> 01:02:38,760
habitable zones of these Stars the

1406
01:02:43,250 --> 01:02:40,380
region around these stars that could

1407
01:02:45,349 --> 01:02:43,260
likely host liquid water is a lot closer

1408
01:02:47,630 --> 01:02:45,359
into the star

1409
01:02:49,370 --> 01:02:47,640
and that is important because almost all

1410
01:02:53,450 --> 01:02:49,380
of the planets we see are very very

1411
01:02:56,329 --> 01:02:53,460
close into the star and and that is

1412
01:02:58,309 --> 01:02:56,339
simply an observational bias because we

1413
01:03:00,470 --> 01:02:58,319
need to see the planet going around the

1414
01:03:03,109 --> 01:03:00,480
star multiple times in order for it to

1415
01:03:05,270 --> 01:03:03,119
be around a planet so if we had a planet

1416
01:03:09,349 --> 01:03:05,280
like Earth that means that it would

1417
01:03:11,089 --> 01:03:09,359
Transit every 365 days right but the

1418
01:03:14,569 --> 01:03:11,099
planets that we are looking at are

1419
01:03:17,990 --> 01:03:14,579
largely trans are largely transiting on

1420
01:03:20,210 --> 01:03:18,000
the order of every 2 to 20 days so

1421
01:03:23,030 --> 01:03:20,220
they're much much closer in to their

1422
01:03:25,730 --> 01:03:23,040
host stars but this also means again for

1423
01:03:27,589 --> 01:03:25,740
M dwarfs that the habitable zone is that

1424
01:03:31,250 --> 01:03:27,599
much closer in so you might have a

1425
01:03:34,609 --> 01:03:31,260
planet that is still transits its star

1426
01:03:38,510 --> 01:03:34,619
every say 15 days meaning its whole year

1427
01:03:41,450 --> 01:03:38,520
is only 15 days yet it's still

1428
01:03:43,730 --> 01:03:41,460
in a region where we might expect liquid

1429
01:03:45,170 --> 01:03:43,740
water to be

1430
01:03:47,690 --> 01:03:45,180
so

1431
01:03:49,130 --> 01:03:47,700
there's one uh mdorf system that's

1432
01:03:54,470 --> 01:03:49,140
pretty popular and you might have heard

1433
01:03:59,990 --> 01:03:58,490
again we I I just want to bring this up

1434
01:04:01,670 --> 01:04:00,000
as an example because I know it's the

1435
01:04:04,430 --> 01:04:01,680
one that people love and get excited

1436
01:04:08,089 --> 01:04:04,440
about so you can see that if you compare

1437
01:04:11,210 --> 01:04:08,099
the inner solar system here uh here's

1438
01:04:14,930 --> 01:04:11,220
Mercury's orbit and here is this little

1439
01:04:17,270 --> 01:04:14,940
drawing of where the Trappist planets

1440
01:04:21,109 --> 01:04:17,280
would be if you placed them around the

1441
01:04:23,150 --> 01:04:21,119
Sun so this outermost ring corresponds

1442
01:04:25,069 --> 01:04:23,160
to this planet H that's all the way

1443
01:04:27,289 --> 01:04:25,079
around here so all these planets are

1444
01:04:29,270 --> 01:04:27,299
really really close to their host star

1445
01:04:32,450 --> 01:04:29,280
if you haven't heard of the Travis 1

1446
01:04:35,930 --> 01:04:32,460
System it is a it is a system of seven

1447
01:04:38,930 --> 01:04:35,940
uh presumably rocky planets

1448
01:04:41,990 --> 01:04:38,940
um that that is pretty close by to Earth

1449
01:04:44,809 --> 01:04:42,000
that people have been really excited to

1450
01:04:46,370 --> 01:04:44,819
look at for the possibility of seeing an

1451
01:04:50,990 --> 01:04:46,380
atmosphere

1452
01:04:53,630 --> 01:04:51,000
are so small we've actually never

1453
01:04:55,970 --> 01:04:53,640
successfully measured a molecule around

1454
01:04:57,349 --> 01:04:55,980
a rocky planet before and that is what

1455
01:04:58,849 --> 01:04:57,359
we're trying to do

1456
01:05:01,730 --> 01:04:58,859
right now

1457
01:05:03,530 --> 01:05:01,740
and the reason that that is the first

1458
01:05:05,870 --> 01:05:03,540
question that we're trying to answer is

1459
01:05:07,309 --> 01:05:05,880
that this is you know now I would argue

1460
01:05:08,630 --> 01:05:07,319
with the launch of the James Webb

1461
01:05:11,030 --> 01:05:08,640
Telescope we're on the road to

1462
01:05:13,430 --> 01:05:11,040
understanding habitability and so again

1463
01:05:15,890 --> 01:05:13,440
we're the very first question we have to

1464
01:05:18,650 --> 01:05:15,900
ask is do these planets have atmospheres

1465
01:05:21,589 --> 01:05:18,660
do we see signs of molecules absorbing

1466
01:05:23,930 --> 01:05:21,599
light in their atmospheres

1467
01:05:26,630 --> 01:05:23,940
from there we can ask you know could

1468
01:05:29,030 --> 01:05:26,640
this planet host liquid water on its

1469
01:05:31,309 --> 01:05:29,040
surface and be habitable

1470
01:05:33,950 --> 01:05:31,319
and then after we answer that question

1471
01:05:36,049 --> 01:05:33,960
then we can ask does this planet have

1472
01:05:37,549 --> 01:05:36,059
Signs of Life in its atmosphere

1473
01:05:40,309 --> 01:05:37,559
atmosphere and I I really want to

1474
01:05:43,010 --> 01:05:40,319
emphasize that we are only at this first

1475
01:05:46,309 --> 01:05:43,020
question we are just starting to answer

1476
01:05:48,770 --> 01:05:46,319
this first question for rocky planets

1477
01:05:52,789 --> 01:05:48,780
and by just I mean like literally in the

1478
01:05:54,470 --> 01:05:52,799
last six months so I have some uh you

1479
01:05:57,170 --> 01:05:54,480
know I I don't have an answer for you

1480
01:05:59,750 --> 01:05:57,180
yet we are actively trying to figure

1481
01:06:01,069 --> 01:05:59,760
this out but I really encourage you to

1482
01:06:04,789 --> 01:06:01,079
stay tuned

1483
01:06:06,770 --> 01:06:04,799
over the course of the next year two

1484
01:06:08,510 --> 01:06:06,780
years five years a decade because I

1485
01:06:11,210 --> 01:06:08,520
really do feel like soon we'll be able

1486
01:06:13,910 --> 01:06:11,220
to understand the landscape of rocky

1487
01:06:15,890 --> 01:06:13,920
planets a lot more to see you know do

1488
01:06:18,349 --> 01:06:15,900
these have atmosphere do many of them

1489
01:06:20,329 --> 01:06:18,359
have atmospheres or do many of them not

1490
01:06:22,250 --> 01:06:20,339
but we're gonna look at an example don't

1491
01:06:25,430 --> 01:06:22,260
worry I don't have no I don't have I

1492
01:06:28,370 --> 01:06:25,440
have some information for you and what

1493
01:06:30,230 --> 01:06:28,380
we typically do is we we want to

1494
01:06:32,210 --> 01:06:30,240
understand these planets in the context

1495
01:06:34,670 --> 01:06:32,220
of our own solar system so that we have

1496
01:06:37,549 --> 01:06:34,680
something to compare them to so usually

1497
01:06:39,829 --> 01:06:37,559
we look at a rocky exoplanet and we say

1498
01:06:42,470 --> 01:06:39,839
okay can I compare this to a rocky

1499
01:06:44,230 --> 01:06:42,480
planet in our own solar system so what I

1500
01:06:47,510 --> 01:06:44,240
mean by that is that you have say

1501
01:06:48,950 --> 01:06:47,520
Mercury which has basically no

1502
01:06:50,569 --> 01:06:48,960
atmosphere

1503
01:06:52,609 --> 01:06:50,579
could it be like Mercury

1504
01:06:55,010 --> 01:06:52,619
could it be like Venus and have a really

1505
01:06:57,770 --> 01:06:55,020
really thick atmosphere that's made

1506
01:07:00,109 --> 01:06:57,780
mostly of carbon dioxide it's very toxic

1507
01:07:02,089 --> 01:07:00,119
and hot and dense

1508
01:07:05,089 --> 01:07:02,099
could it be like Earth could it be

1509
01:07:08,270 --> 01:07:05,099
thinner possibly hospitable

1510
01:07:10,069 --> 01:07:08,280
or could it be like Mars very tenuous

1511
01:07:14,089 --> 01:07:10,079
and thin

1512
01:07:17,270 --> 01:07:14,099
these are the usual comparisons that we

1513
01:07:19,069 --> 01:07:17,280
make when we when we look at Rocky

1514
01:07:21,470 --> 01:07:19,079
exoplanets

1515
01:07:24,470 --> 01:07:21,480
and again just like it's easier to

1516
01:07:27,950 --> 01:07:24,480
detect bigger planets it's also easier

1517
01:07:30,049 --> 01:07:27,960
to detect thicker atmospheres because by

1518
01:07:32,329 --> 01:07:30,059
Nature they're they're just bigger and

1519
01:07:34,789 --> 01:07:32,339
so that means the signal is that much

1520
01:07:36,950 --> 01:07:34,799
stronger

1521
01:07:39,890 --> 01:07:36,960
what this means is that what I told you

1522
01:07:42,289 --> 01:07:39,900
before about a flat line meaning that

1523
01:07:46,130 --> 01:07:42,299
the planet has no atmosphere was uh was

1524
01:07:49,010 --> 01:07:46,140
kind of a lie because it might not be

1525
01:07:52,490 --> 01:07:49,020
that simple the planet might have an

1526
01:07:56,329 --> 01:07:52,500
atmosphere but it might just not be

1527
01:07:58,670 --> 01:07:56,339
detectable you because of our data

1528
01:08:02,809 --> 01:07:58,680
quality because the atmosphere is too

1529
01:08:06,170 --> 01:08:02,819
thin or or too full of clouds that block

1530
01:08:09,049 --> 01:08:06,180
signal to actually be able to detect

1531
01:08:10,910 --> 01:08:09,059
anything in our transmission Spectrum

1532
01:08:13,970 --> 01:08:10,920
so I'm going to show you an example of

1533
01:08:16,729 --> 01:08:13,980
that this is a project that I worked on

1534
01:08:20,269 --> 01:08:16,739
in the fall this pup this paper was

1535
01:08:23,510 --> 01:08:20,279
published a couple of months ago and I'm

1536
01:08:26,709 --> 01:08:23,520
going to show you what I mean by this so

1537
01:08:30,590 --> 01:08:26,719
this is a planet called LHS

1538
01:08:32,689 --> 01:08:30,600
475b yes I know we are very good at

1539
01:08:34,910 --> 01:08:32,699
naming things in astronomy

1540
01:08:38,570 --> 01:08:34,920
I can't take credit

1541
01:08:40,070 --> 01:08:38,580
and we can see the transmission Spectrum

1542
01:08:42,530 --> 01:08:40,080
here

1543
01:08:45,709 --> 01:08:42,540
all of these black points this is our

1544
01:08:47,930 --> 01:08:45,719
data so anytime you know in astronomy we

1545
01:08:49,910 --> 01:08:47,940
have data and basically all science you

1546
01:08:52,849 --> 01:08:49,920
have data that you then have to compare

1547
01:08:55,970 --> 01:08:52,859
to a model in order to interpret it

1548
01:08:57,769 --> 01:08:55,980
and so here are all of our points and

1549
01:09:00,110 --> 01:08:57,779
you can see that like if you just kind

1550
01:09:04,070 --> 01:09:00,120
of take a look step back and look at it

1551
01:09:06,110 --> 01:09:04,080
that looks pretty flat by eye right and

1552
01:09:07,970 --> 01:09:06,120
especially when you plop a couple of

1553
01:09:10,189 --> 01:09:07,980
these models on here that would predict

1554
01:09:13,430 --> 01:09:10,199
huge features and you say okay I don't

1555
01:09:16,729 --> 01:09:13,440
see anything there that is clearly flat

1556
01:09:20,209 --> 01:09:16,739
there's no atmosphere on this planet

1557
01:09:23,689 --> 01:09:20,219
but what if it's not as simple what if

1558
01:09:26,209 --> 01:09:23,699
we zoom in on this region in Gray here

1559
01:09:28,970 --> 01:09:26,219
and we plot some more models on it

1560
01:09:32,510 --> 01:09:28,980
and okay so now we're zoomed in and we

1561
01:09:36,470 --> 01:09:32,520
have some more models here and we can

1562
01:09:38,630 --> 01:09:36,480
see okay what if there's water or carbon

1563
01:09:41,689 --> 01:09:38,640
dioxide like there are these lines

1564
01:09:44,030 --> 01:09:41,699
basically run through the data but we

1565
01:09:46,309 --> 01:09:44,040
can't distinguish which of these lines

1566
01:09:49,309 --> 01:09:46,319
is accurate and we also have again just

1567
01:09:52,010 --> 01:09:49,319
this very flat line that seems to fit

1568
01:09:55,310 --> 01:09:52,020
the data just as well

1569
01:09:57,350 --> 01:09:55,320
and so in this scenario we can say that

1570
01:10:00,110 --> 01:09:57,360
all right while we can rule out an

1571
01:10:02,030 --> 01:10:00,120
Earth-like atmosphere we're actually not

1572
01:10:03,530 --> 01:10:02,040
sure which of these other scenarios it

1573
01:10:06,530 --> 01:10:03,540
is it could be that there's no

1574
01:10:09,290 --> 01:10:06,540
atmosphere but it could also be that

1575
01:10:11,810 --> 01:10:09,300
there are too many clouds that block our

1576
01:10:14,390 --> 01:10:11,820
signal or it could be that the

1577
01:10:16,130 --> 01:10:14,400
atmosphere is just too thin to detect so

1578
01:10:18,229 --> 01:10:16,140
we need better data quality to

1579
01:10:21,310 --> 01:10:18,239
distinguish between these scenarios for

1580
01:10:23,810 --> 01:10:21,320
now that means we need either different

1581
01:10:27,050 --> 01:10:23,820
different techniques that we can use

1582
01:10:29,570 --> 01:10:27,060
with the James Webb Telescope or more

1583
01:10:31,390 --> 01:10:29,580
transits with the telescope to improve

1584
01:10:33,410 --> 01:10:31,400
our data quality

1585
01:10:37,189 --> 01:10:33,420
and so that's

1586
01:10:39,050 --> 01:10:37,199
that is where we are at right now

1587
01:10:42,410 --> 01:10:39,060
where are we going

1588
01:10:45,350 --> 01:10:42,420
I will say right now we have not no

1589
01:10:48,950 --> 01:10:45,360
astronomer has published a paper showing

1590
01:10:52,790 --> 01:10:48,960
an uh an atmosphere around a rocky

1591
01:10:55,189 --> 01:10:52,800
exoplanet uh and by and specifically

1592
01:10:57,410 --> 01:10:55,199
showing a an atmosphere made of things

1593
01:11:00,169 --> 01:10:57,420
other than just hydrogen we've never

1594
01:11:02,090 --> 01:11:00,179
detected carbon dioxide or of water or

1595
01:11:04,550 --> 01:11:02,100
methane or any of those things around a

1596
01:11:06,110 --> 01:11:04,560
rocky exoplanet I'm really excited at

1597
01:11:08,030 --> 01:11:06,120
the possibility that the James live

1598
01:11:10,430 --> 01:11:08,040
telescope will be able to do that for us

1599
01:11:13,250 --> 01:11:10,440
but I do need to add another caveat

1600
01:11:16,790 --> 01:11:13,260
about the M dwarf opportunity which is

1601
01:11:19,189 --> 01:11:16,800
that yes while these stars are ideal to

1602
01:11:22,370 --> 01:11:19,199
look at there is a caveat that they are

1603
01:11:25,189 --> 01:11:22,380
really really active and what I mean by

1604
01:11:26,990 --> 01:11:25,199
that is that they are spewing out large

1605
01:11:29,870 --> 01:11:27,000
amounts of

1606
01:11:32,149 --> 01:11:29,880
of high energy radiation that could

1607
01:11:34,010 --> 01:11:32,159
actually just be stripping away all of

1608
01:11:35,570 --> 01:11:34,020
these atmospheres and we don't know

1609
01:11:37,430 --> 01:11:35,580
whether this is happening or not yet

1610
01:11:39,770 --> 01:11:37,440
this is what we're trying to find out

1611
01:11:41,689 --> 01:11:39,780
right now so with that first planet that

1612
01:11:43,669 --> 01:11:41,699
I showed you we didn't see an atmosphere

1613
01:11:45,649 --> 01:11:43,679
but again you can't draw a conclusion

1614
01:11:48,110 --> 01:11:45,659
just based on one planet we need to

1615
01:11:50,930 --> 01:11:48,120
build up a statistical sample in order

1616
01:11:53,030 --> 01:11:50,940
to say okay on average rocky planets

1617
01:11:56,209 --> 01:11:53,040
around M dwarfs do or don't have

1618
01:11:58,790 --> 01:11:56,219
atmospheres or somewhere in between

1619
01:12:01,370 --> 01:11:58,800
so we're really trying to Define what

1620
01:12:04,070 --> 01:12:01,380
has been become known as The Cosmic

1621
01:12:06,530 --> 01:12:04,080
Shoreline so this is trying to

1622
01:12:09,890 --> 01:12:06,540
understand if there is a dividing line

1623
01:12:11,630 --> 01:12:09,900
between planets with atmospheres and

1624
01:12:13,390 --> 01:12:11,640
those without

1625
01:12:16,610 --> 01:12:13,400
and so

1626
01:12:18,590 --> 01:12:16,620
uh you know we want to know does a

1627
01:12:20,510 --> 01:12:18,600
planet have to be a particular size does

1628
01:12:22,790 --> 01:12:20,520
it have to be a particular distance away

1629
01:12:25,250 --> 01:12:22,800
from its star in order to hold on to

1630
01:12:27,350 --> 01:12:25,260
that and that is kind of I think the big

1631
01:12:29,870 --> 01:12:27,360
question that we'll be able to answer in

1632
01:12:32,209 --> 01:12:29,880
the next five years or so or start to

1633
01:12:35,450 --> 01:12:32,219
answer I guess I should say

1634
01:12:37,430 --> 01:12:35,460
and then of course you know we we all

1635
01:12:39,530 --> 01:12:37,440
are I mean I think most people are

1636
01:12:42,649 --> 01:12:39,540
excited at the idea of

1637
01:12:44,990 --> 01:12:42,659
of this burgeoning field of astrobiology

1638
01:12:46,970 --> 01:12:45,000
and and trying to understand if there is

1639
01:12:49,010 --> 01:12:46,980
life in the universe and I I believe

1640
01:12:51,410 --> 01:12:49,020
that we will get there but I encourage

1641
01:12:53,630 --> 01:12:51,420
all of you to just be patient and to be

1642
01:12:56,750 --> 01:12:53,640
skeptical about news that you see

1643
01:12:58,189 --> 01:12:56,760
because people are are and will be

1644
01:13:01,310 --> 01:12:58,199
trying to

1645
01:13:05,090 --> 01:13:01,320
uh claim detections that we just don't

1646
01:13:06,770 --> 01:13:05,100
quite understand yet if they are true or

1647
01:13:09,050 --> 01:13:06,780
or not true we're still in the really

1648
01:13:11,330 --> 01:13:09,060
early stages and one day we will answer

1649
01:13:15,290 --> 01:13:11,340
this but I don't believe that we will

1650
01:13:17,810 --> 01:13:15,300
answer it yet but we are actively

1651
01:13:19,850 --> 01:13:17,820
working on it and we would not be we are

1652
01:13:21,830 --> 01:13:19,860
getting closer with the James Webb Space

1653
01:13:23,870 --> 01:13:21,840
Telescope

1654
01:13:25,490 --> 01:13:23,880
and again the last thing I just want to

1655
01:13:27,950 --> 01:13:25,500
end with is

1656
01:13:30,110 --> 01:13:27,960
to reiterate what I mentioned earlier

1657
01:13:31,970 --> 01:13:30,120
with the fact that there are so many

1658
01:13:34,070 --> 01:13:31,980
different types of exoplanets out there

1659
01:13:36,530 --> 01:13:34,080
and we don't want to neglect our gas

1660
01:13:39,050 --> 01:13:36,540
giants for our rocky planets because in

1661
01:13:41,090 --> 01:13:39,060
order to understand the full story we

1662
01:13:43,790 --> 01:13:41,100
can't just look at a tree we need to

1663
01:13:46,790 --> 01:13:43,800
understand the entire Forest to

1664
01:13:49,910 --> 01:13:46,800
understand the whole landscape

1665
01:13:51,709 --> 01:13:49,920
and and for that we need to care about

1666
01:13:53,450 --> 01:13:51,719
our Jupiters we need to care about our

1667
01:13:55,610 --> 01:13:53,460
Neptunes and we need to care about our

1668
01:13:57,649 --> 01:13:55,620
Earths

1669
01:14:00,590 --> 01:13:57,659
but this is a remarkable time that we're

1670
01:14:02,870 --> 01:14:00,600
living in we are able to look at

1671
01:14:04,430 --> 01:14:02,880
atmospheres of Rocky exoplanets that we

1672
01:14:07,729 --> 01:14:04,440
didn't know existed

1673
01:14:09,950 --> 01:14:07,739
20 years ago and I think that you know

1674
01:14:11,450 --> 01:14:09,960
if if we do this talk again in five

1675
01:14:13,130 --> 01:14:11,460
years I hope it'll be a totally

1676
01:14:16,189 --> 01:14:13,140
different talk and that we know so much

1677
01:14:20,390 --> 01:14:16,199
more but this is this is really uh this

1678
01:14:23,209 --> 01:14:20,400
is the start of of a new of a new

1679
01:14:25,130 --> 01:14:23,219
frontier and so I'm I'm really grateful

1680
01:14:27,110 --> 01:14:25,140
to be here I'd just like to thank the

1681
01:14:28,790 --> 01:14:27,120
Space Telescope for giving me the

1682
01:14:31,310 --> 01:14:28,800
opportunity to come and speak with you

1683
01:14:34,430 --> 01:14:31,320
guys and I'm really excited to take your

1684
01:14:37,010 --> 01:14:34,440
questions thank you very much

1685
01:14:39,229 --> 01:14:37,020
all right well thank you Katie for

1686
01:14:40,610 --> 01:14:39,239
coming and uh giving your talk here

1687
01:14:42,950 --> 01:14:40,620
today

1688
01:14:44,390 --> 01:14:42,960
um very pleasant to have very wonderful

1689
01:14:46,550 --> 01:14:44,400
to have you

1690
01:14:50,030 --> 01:14:46,560
um and you know what I liked so much

1691
01:14:52,070 --> 01:14:50,040
about it is that um you know

1692
01:14:54,830 --> 01:14:52,080
first of all you're of the exoplanet

1693
01:14:56,990 --> 01:14:54,840
generation yeah I mean the fact that you

1694
01:14:58,910 --> 01:14:57,000
were born just as the first exoplanets

1695
01:15:01,550 --> 01:14:58,920
were being discovered you're you've

1696
01:15:02,990 --> 01:15:01,560
never been alive when there were when

1697
01:15:05,630 --> 01:15:03,000
there weren't eggplants around other

1698
01:15:07,189 --> 01:15:05,640
stars okay some of us remember a little

1699
01:15:09,050 --> 01:15:07,199
bit of time in our lives before that

1700
01:15:12,950 --> 01:15:09,060
happened right

1701
01:15:15,709 --> 01:15:12,960
um and so you know you represent this

1702
01:15:17,870 --> 01:15:15,719
whole thing and furthermore you know for

1703
01:15:20,209 --> 01:15:17,880
so many years it was always discussing

1704
01:15:22,550 --> 01:15:20,219
these hot Jupiters or maybe some maybe

1705
01:15:24,169 --> 01:15:22,560
the a Saturn size but we're only talking

1706
01:15:25,430 --> 01:15:24,179
about the largest planets because that's

1707
01:15:28,850 --> 01:15:25,440
all we could really do with the radio

1708
01:15:31,430 --> 01:15:28,860
velocity technique of the 1990s and the

1709
01:15:34,189 --> 01:15:31,440
dream of pushing down to rocky planet

1710
01:15:37,430 --> 01:15:34,199
size objects you know was still just a

1711
01:15:39,229 --> 01:15:37,440
dream back then right and so it's not

1712
01:15:41,149 --> 01:15:39,239
only are you the exponent generation but

1713
01:15:44,630 --> 01:15:41,159
you're moving on to the the second

1714
01:15:47,330 --> 01:15:44,640
generation sort of of uh of searching

1715
01:15:50,090 --> 01:15:47,340
for exoplanets so that's uh

1716
01:15:55,729 --> 01:15:50,100
it it's quite PR as a symbol of progress

1717
01:15:59,330 --> 01:15:57,470
I granted

1718
01:16:00,890 --> 01:15:59,340
the fat can study right Rock sub planets

1719
01:16:03,110 --> 01:16:00,900
because I know people have dreamed about

1720
01:16:05,689 --> 01:16:03,120
this for a long time

1721
01:16:08,390 --> 01:16:05,699
I mean um I was at the American Museum

1722
01:16:10,250 --> 01:16:08,400
of Natural History and um Neil Tyson

1723
01:16:13,189 --> 01:16:10,260
Steve Soder and I did the exhibits there

1724
01:16:14,689 --> 01:16:13,199
and at one point we looked at each other

1725
01:16:17,689 --> 01:16:14,699
and said wait a minute

1726
01:16:20,149 --> 01:16:17,699
we now know of more planets outside our

1727
01:16:22,209 --> 01:16:20,159
solar system than we do inside our solar

1728
01:16:24,950 --> 01:16:22,219
system and that was a cool

1729
01:16:25,990 --> 01:16:24,960
that's awesome it's a cool marking point

1730
01:16:28,010 --> 01:16:26,000
right

1731
01:16:29,990 --> 01:16:28,020
we're trying to figure out oh there's a

1732
01:16:31,250 --> 01:16:30,000
way there wasn't a way to put it into

1733
01:16:32,990 --> 01:16:31,260
the exhibits or anything but it was just

1734
01:16:35,330 --> 01:16:33,000
an interesting moment in time to go from

1735
01:16:37,250 --> 01:16:35,340
that yes so um

1736
01:16:39,470 --> 01:16:37,260
I have some questions for you from

1737
01:16:41,930 --> 01:16:39,480
myself and and we've got some questions

1738
01:16:44,870 --> 01:16:41,940
from the uh the Youtube chat here sure

1739
01:16:48,229 --> 01:16:44,880
uh first one I want to ask about is um

1740
01:16:50,810 --> 01:16:48,239
mini Neptunes versus super Earth so

1741
01:16:52,910 --> 01:16:50,820
those planets that are in the you know

1742
01:16:56,270 --> 01:16:52,920
five to eight

1743
01:16:58,310 --> 01:16:56,280
um Earth mass type range right yeah

1744
01:16:59,930 --> 01:16:58,320
um I Heidi Hamel is sometimes described

1745
01:17:02,149 --> 01:16:59,940
them as many raccoons and a lot of

1746
01:17:03,590 --> 01:17:02,159
people describe them as super Earth and

1747
01:17:05,209 --> 01:17:03,600
to me in my head that says all right

1748
01:17:07,070 --> 01:17:05,219
well that just depends upon their

1749
01:17:08,990 --> 01:17:07,080
density doesn't it

1750
01:17:10,490 --> 01:17:09,000
um if they're low density that would be

1751
01:17:12,350 --> 01:17:10,500
a mini Neptune if they're a high density

1752
01:17:14,450 --> 01:17:12,360
that would be a super Earth what do we

1753
01:17:18,229 --> 01:17:14,460
know about that class of class of

1754
01:17:20,270 --> 01:17:18,239
planets and yes yes so the reason that

1755
01:17:22,130 --> 01:17:20,280
there is a question I would argue a

1756
01:17:24,550 --> 01:17:22,140
bigger question mark around those types

1757
01:17:27,229 --> 01:17:24,560
of planets is that there is actually

1758
01:17:29,570 --> 01:17:27,239
degeneracy in the density that we

1759
01:17:32,810 --> 01:17:29,580
measure what we

1760
01:17:35,810 --> 01:17:32,820
we do we measure a bulk density but

1761
01:17:39,530 --> 01:17:35,820
there is kind of a region of size where

1762
01:17:43,209 --> 01:17:39,540
that density based on where that density

1763
01:17:48,470 --> 01:17:43,219
Falls and the planet size it could be

1764
01:17:50,810 --> 01:17:48,480
a small rocky planet surrounded by a big

1765
01:17:55,970 --> 01:17:50,820
heaping Wallop of gas

1766
01:17:58,070 --> 01:17:55,980
or it could be uh it could be say more

1767
01:18:01,850 --> 01:17:58,080
of a large ice giant with a little bit

1768
01:18:03,950 --> 01:18:01,860
of gas so it's that in this it's in this

1769
01:18:06,229 --> 01:18:03,960
kind of intermediate State we can't

1770
01:18:09,050 --> 01:18:06,239
really tell it could be one or it could

1771
01:18:11,209 --> 01:18:09,060
be another but we can't just decide

1772
01:18:12,709 --> 01:18:11,219
based on mass and radius you're right

1773
01:18:15,410 --> 01:18:12,719
that you can absolutely do that with

1774
01:18:17,990 --> 01:18:15,420
like the big hot Jupiters you can

1775
01:18:20,090 --> 01:18:18,000
measure mass measure radius and say okay

1776
01:18:22,610 --> 01:18:20,100
I basically know this is a Jupiter you

1777
01:18:25,189 --> 01:18:22,620
can do it with a really tiny planets the

1778
01:18:26,990 --> 01:18:25,199
earth-sized planets and smaller you can

1779
01:18:29,930 --> 01:18:27,000
say okay I measure a mass I measure

1780
01:18:32,930 --> 01:18:29,940
radius all right this is Rocky but there

1781
01:18:34,490 --> 01:18:32,940
is uh there's just this hazy region in

1782
01:18:36,470 --> 01:18:34,500
the Middle where we can't quite lump

1783
01:18:39,370 --> 01:18:36,480
them in one category or another which is

1784
01:18:42,649 --> 01:18:39,380
why we need to use transmission

1785
01:18:44,270 --> 01:18:42,659
spectroscopy to see if we can see signs

1786
01:18:46,610 --> 01:18:44,280
and molecules in the atmosphere to break

1787
01:18:49,070 --> 01:18:46,620
that degeneracy and tell us is it a mini

1788
01:18:51,709 --> 01:18:49,080
Neptune or is it a super Earth okay okay

1789
01:18:53,689 --> 01:18:51,719
okay so the error bars on the density in

1790
01:18:56,570 --> 01:18:53,699
this mid-range are are large enough that

1791
01:19:00,350 --> 01:18:56,580
you can't really differentiate okay that

1792
01:19:01,729 --> 01:19:00,360
sounds cool all right great so I've been

1793
01:19:03,649 --> 01:19:01,739
watching some of the chat and I know

1794
01:19:05,930 --> 01:19:03,659
Grand justice has been watching it even

1795
01:19:08,870 --> 01:19:05,940
closer than I have so Grant why don't

1796
01:19:10,430 --> 01:19:08,880
you turn on your video and uh tell us

1797
01:19:11,930 --> 01:19:10,440
some of the favorite questions you found

1798
01:19:14,090 --> 01:19:11,940
in the chat tonight

1799
01:19:16,370 --> 01:19:14,100
absolutely

1800
01:19:20,570 --> 01:19:16,380
so um yeah we've had a good chat tonight

1801
01:19:22,310 --> 01:19:20,580
uh I'm Gonna Get Us started with

1802
01:19:23,570 --> 01:19:22,320
this one

1803
01:19:27,050 --> 01:19:23,580
um so we did a lot of talk about

1804
01:19:29,030 --> 01:19:27,060
exoplanets and Discovery Futures thereof

1805
01:19:31,610 --> 01:19:29,040
and I would encourage this speaker I

1806
01:19:34,970 --> 01:19:31,620
mean this commenter to check out our

1807
01:19:38,209 --> 01:19:34,980
video on specifically EXO moons but are

1808
01:19:40,669 --> 01:19:38,219
a lot of the same principles applied to

1809
01:19:43,370 --> 01:19:40,679
finding exoplanets as it as they are to

1810
01:19:46,130 --> 01:19:43,380
EXO moons what's different in how you

1811
01:19:57,530 --> 01:19:46,140
search or how you

1812
01:20:05,209 --> 01:20:01,070
technique meaning you know we still use

1813
01:20:07,729 --> 01:20:05,219
the transit technique uh to look for an

1814
01:20:10,370 --> 01:20:07,739
EXO moon but what you can do is if you

1815
01:20:13,070 --> 01:20:10,380
if you think about that light curve you

1816
01:20:15,110 --> 01:20:13,080
basically want to look at the light

1817
01:20:18,169 --> 01:20:15,120
curve and then see if there's another

1818
01:20:20,810 --> 01:20:18,179
dip in the light curve caused by a moon

1819
01:20:24,290 --> 01:20:20,820
that's moving around and blocking or

1820
01:20:27,709 --> 01:20:24,300
blocking an extra portion of the light

1821
01:20:29,209 --> 01:20:27,719
uh I would say that we are

1822
01:20:32,450 --> 01:20:29,219
um

1823
01:20:35,750 --> 01:20:32,460
it's it's hazy you're trying to you know

1824
01:20:38,450 --> 01:20:35,760
trying to uncover an exomoon because the

1825
01:20:43,250 --> 01:20:38,460
signals from the planets themselves are

1826
01:20:43,910 --> 01:20:43,260
so noisy that it would be hard to then

1827
01:20:46,370 --> 01:20:43,920
um

1828
01:20:49,490 --> 01:20:46,380
it would be hard to then go down even

1829
01:20:51,590 --> 01:20:49,500
smaller to try to find the moon people

1830
01:20:53,810 --> 01:20:51,600
are looking for sure and we do have some

1831
01:20:56,870 --> 01:20:53,820
EXO Moon candidates we don't have any

1832
01:20:59,390 --> 01:20:56,880
that have been verified yet and that's

1833
01:21:01,970 --> 01:20:59,400
mostly because the data is is noisy so

1834
01:21:03,830 --> 01:21:01,980
it's hard to validate that but yes it's

1835
01:21:07,189 --> 01:21:03,840
the same technique it's basically you

1836
01:21:08,990 --> 01:21:07,199
lit you look for uh blips in the data

1837
01:21:12,709 --> 01:21:09,000
where you wouldn't expect there to be

1838
01:21:14,750 --> 01:21:12,719
let's go okay and and so for most of the

1839
01:21:16,490 --> 01:21:14,760
moons like in the solar system yeah

1840
01:21:19,130 --> 01:21:16,500
they're much much smaller than their

1841
01:21:23,270 --> 01:21:19,140
planet right right I mean actually Earth

1842
01:21:25,490 --> 01:21:23,280
and our moon is as as as an anomaly that

1843
01:21:28,010 --> 01:21:25,500
uh our moon is a significant size

1844
01:21:29,990 --> 01:21:28,020
compared to compared to Earth so if it's

1845
01:21:32,689 --> 01:21:30,000
like you know one one-tenth the size

1846
01:21:35,810 --> 01:21:32,699
that's only one 100th the the blocking

1847
01:21:38,510 --> 01:21:35,820
area right and then the the planet that

1848
01:21:41,750 --> 01:21:38,520
decrement is only like two percent maybe

1849
01:21:44,149 --> 01:21:41,760
of the the light and so that would be

1850
01:21:46,130 --> 01:21:44,159
for a huge Planet you know even Jupiter

1851
01:21:49,070 --> 01:21:46,140
a jupiter-sized planet would only block

1852
01:21:52,490 --> 01:21:49,080
one percent of the Sun and then so you'd

1853
01:21:55,070 --> 01:21:52,500
be talking 0.01 right for the moon all

1854
01:21:57,110 --> 01:21:55,080
right so yeah that the I mean generously

1855
01:21:59,270 --> 01:21:57,120
I I absolutely love the diagram you

1856
01:22:02,390 --> 01:21:59,280
showed and just all that beautiful data

1857
01:22:04,250 --> 01:22:02,400
lining up so nicely yes getting one

1858
01:22:06,410 --> 01:22:04,260
percent and finding a one percent

1859
01:22:08,090 --> 01:22:06,420
Diplomat that's got to be in the error

1860
01:22:09,890 --> 01:22:08,100
of ours right which which is why it

1861
01:22:11,950 --> 01:22:09,900
would be hard to do there are some folks

1862
01:22:14,510 --> 01:22:11,960
who are look looking into kind of into

1863
01:22:16,550 --> 01:22:14,520
atmospheric signatures from the moons

1864
01:22:18,169 --> 01:22:16,560
themselves but it becomes very

1865
01:22:20,090 --> 01:22:18,179
complicated when you're trying to

1866
01:22:22,250 --> 01:22:20,100
disentangle you know you have

1867
01:22:23,750 --> 01:22:22,260
information coming from the star that

1868
01:22:25,910 --> 01:22:23,760
you have to in disentangle from the

1869
01:22:27,410 --> 01:22:25,920
planet and that's hard to start with you

1870
01:22:29,090 --> 01:22:27,420
need to make sure that the signal you're

1871
01:22:30,590 --> 01:22:29,100
seeing is from the planet and not the

1872
01:22:33,110 --> 01:22:30,600
star and then that would be a whole

1873
01:22:34,970 --> 01:22:33,120
other added layer on top of that if if

1874
01:22:36,770 --> 01:22:34,980
you say okay yes we do think that

1875
01:22:40,070 --> 01:22:36,780
there's a moon so what signal is coming

1876
01:22:42,470 --> 01:22:40,080
from the moon but I think I I think we

1877
01:22:45,709 --> 01:22:42,480
will get there but I it yeah it's

1878
01:22:47,630 --> 01:22:45,719
I I suspect right now many of the

1879
01:22:49,729 --> 01:22:47,640
signals of moons are just buried in the

1880
01:22:52,130 --> 01:22:49,739
noise

1881
01:22:53,630 --> 01:22:52,140
it's also a very new telescope so I

1882
01:22:56,810 --> 01:22:53,640
would imagine right just like Hubble

1883
01:22:59,090 --> 01:22:56,820
over time we'll refine those

1884
01:23:01,250 --> 01:22:59,100
exactly yes

1885
01:23:03,050 --> 01:23:01,260
okay uh this is interesting I hadn't

1886
01:23:06,830 --> 01:23:03,060
really thought about this one

1887
01:23:08,570 --> 01:23:06,840
um how do you know at what angle or like

1888
01:23:11,930 --> 01:23:08,580
at what

1889
01:23:14,450 --> 01:23:11,940
view you are observing the galaxies the

1890
01:23:15,890 --> 01:23:14,460
planets the systems yeah us oh that's a

1891
01:23:17,810 --> 01:23:15,900
good question I think I'm going to share

1892
01:23:18,950 --> 01:23:17,820
my screen again for that is that okay go

1893
01:23:21,530 --> 01:23:18,960
for it yeah

1894
01:23:24,830 --> 01:23:21,540
okay yes let's let's see okay okay can

1895
01:23:30,350 --> 01:23:26,390
get hold on one second let me actually

1896
01:23:36,110 --> 01:23:30,360
I'll just go back to the slide

1897
01:23:41,450 --> 01:23:36,120
first uh so basically we can measure

1898
01:23:41,460 --> 01:23:44,510
thank you

1899
01:23:49,310 --> 01:23:46,250
Okay so

1900
01:23:53,149 --> 01:23:49,320
basically we when we measure this light

1901
01:23:54,830 --> 01:23:53,159
curve we can measure the angle based on

1902
01:23:59,090 --> 01:23:54,840
the shape of the light curve everything

1903
01:24:02,209 --> 01:23:59,100
I showed you here was very symmetrical

1904
01:24:05,209 --> 01:24:02,219
um right you know what I this is a very

1905
01:24:08,570 --> 01:24:05,219
like Smooth coming down and very flat

1906
01:24:12,350 --> 01:24:08,580
coming over and smooth coming back but

1907
01:24:14,270 --> 01:24:12,360
basically we can measure something that

1908
01:24:16,370 --> 01:24:14,280
we call an impact parameter which is

1909
01:24:19,550 --> 01:24:16,380
basically just telling us like if we

1910
01:24:20,810 --> 01:24:19,560
imagine this planet is like coming right

1911
01:24:23,030 --> 01:24:20,820
in the middle

1912
01:24:26,930 --> 01:24:23,040
we measure the distance from the middle

1913
01:24:29,810 --> 01:24:26,940
to the top so the the top being

1914
01:24:31,490 --> 01:24:29,820
one so you can say or if an impact if

1915
01:24:32,930 --> 01:24:31,500
it's an impact parameter of zero is

1916
01:24:35,450 --> 01:24:32,940
coming right through the middle if it's

1917
01:24:38,090 --> 01:24:35,460
an impact parameter one it's right right

1918
01:24:41,209 --> 01:24:38,100
at the top and we actually get that from

1919
01:24:44,510 --> 01:24:41,219
the the very shape of the light curve so

1920
01:24:46,790 --> 01:24:44,520
the more kind of even it is the more the

1921
01:24:51,290 --> 01:24:46,800
closer to the center it is

1922
01:24:54,050 --> 01:24:51,300
but the important thing here is that uh

1923
01:24:58,850 --> 01:24:54,060
we we can we can so we can get that

1924
01:25:01,490 --> 01:24:58,860
angle and then if you couple this with a

1925
01:25:03,530 --> 01:25:01,500
radial velocity measurements

1926
01:25:05,810 --> 01:25:03,540
uh which is you know measuring the

1927
01:25:08,209 --> 01:25:05,820
actual motion of the star moving back

1928
01:25:10,910 --> 01:25:08,219
and forth you can also get the

1929
01:25:13,189 --> 01:25:10,920
eccentricity of the curve of the planet

1930
01:25:15,470 --> 01:25:13,199
so you know planets orbits are not

1931
01:25:17,570 --> 01:25:15,480
always totally circular right the planet

1932
01:25:20,990 --> 01:25:17,580
sometimes kind of Loops in more of an

1933
01:25:23,209 --> 01:25:21,000
oval shape around a star and based on

1934
01:25:25,610 --> 01:25:23,219
the shapes that we see in the light

1935
01:25:27,350 --> 01:25:25,620
curve and coupled to the radio velocity

1936
01:25:28,910 --> 01:25:27,360
we can get that information so there are

1937
01:25:30,890 --> 01:25:28,920
a bunch of different orbital parameters

1938
01:25:32,090 --> 01:25:30,900
we know a lot about planet's orbits I

1939
01:25:33,470 --> 01:25:32,100
would argue we probably know more about

1940
01:25:35,770 --> 01:25:33,480
planets orbits than we do about the

1941
01:25:38,750 --> 01:25:35,780
planets themselves

1942
01:25:41,810 --> 01:25:38,760
all right but Katie this also brings up

1943
01:25:43,850 --> 01:25:41,820
a special point that you know if that

1944
01:25:46,370 --> 01:25:43,860
planet were orbiting in the plane of the

1945
01:25:49,430 --> 01:25:46,380
sky up and down on a property we

1946
01:25:51,709 --> 01:25:49,440
wouldn't see a Transit right yes so what

1947
01:25:54,770 --> 01:25:51,719
percentage of orbits

1948
01:25:56,330 --> 01:25:54,780
would produce a Transit right yes in

1949
01:25:58,189 --> 01:25:56,340
order to cross in front of the face of

1950
01:26:00,770 --> 01:25:58,199
that that star from from our perspective

1951
01:26:02,149 --> 01:26:00,780
uh is it one out of ten one out of a

1952
01:26:03,890 --> 01:26:02,159
hundred what do you what's what's the

1953
01:26:05,209 --> 01:26:03,900
estimate there yeah that's so that's a

1954
01:26:06,770 --> 01:26:05,219
really great Point Frank and thank you

1955
01:26:09,229 --> 01:26:06,780
for bringing that up right we are we

1956
01:26:11,330 --> 01:26:09,239
only see planets that happen to be in

1957
01:26:13,370 --> 01:26:11,340
this orientation I'm sure there are many

1958
01:26:15,229 --> 01:26:13,380
planets that we have not discovered yet

1959
01:26:17,149 --> 01:26:15,239
because they're orbiting

1960
01:26:19,669 --> 01:26:17,159
um in our plane in other words they

1961
01:26:23,689 --> 01:26:19,679
don't Transit and the answer to your

1962
01:26:26,149 --> 01:26:23,699
question is that uh the percentage the

1963
01:26:29,090 --> 01:26:26,159
probability actually depends on how

1964
01:26:32,510 --> 01:26:29,100
close this the planet is to the star so

1965
01:26:34,129 --> 01:26:32,520
the closer a planet is to the star uh I

1966
01:26:36,350 --> 01:26:34,139
wonder if I can kind of do this with my

1967
01:26:37,430 --> 01:26:36,360
hand here if you think of like my I'm

1968
01:26:38,990 --> 01:26:37,440
not sure if this is going to work we're

1969
01:26:40,850 --> 01:26:39,000
going to try it um why don't you stop

1970
01:26:42,470 --> 01:26:40,860
your screenshots

1971
01:26:44,270 --> 01:26:42,480
thank you stop the screen share then we

1972
01:26:46,669 --> 01:26:44,280
can see your handy better yeah another

1973
01:26:48,649 --> 01:26:46,679
reminder better okay all right so you

1974
01:26:50,090 --> 01:26:48,659
know if if I have a if I have a planet

1975
01:26:51,590 --> 01:26:50,100
that's right here

1976
01:26:52,610 --> 01:26:51,600
basically it's face it's basically kind

1977
01:26:57,169 --> 01:26:52,620
of

1978
01:27:00,530 --> 01:26:57,179
the angle but if it's all the way say

1979
01:27:03,350 --> 01:27:00,540
out here a small angle means that it's

1980
01:27:06,709 --> 01:27:03,360
not in front of my hand anymore

1981
01:27:08,930 --> 01:27:06,719
right and so planets that are much so so

1982
01:27:12,770 --> 01:27:08,940
I think that

1983
01:27:14,689 --> 01:27:12,780
like something like the Earth already

1984
01:27:17,510 --> 01:27:14,699
like by the time you get out to the

1985
01:27:19,910 --> 01:27:17,520
Earth is a very very small likelihood of

1986
01:27:21,530 --> 01:27:19,920
transiting I mean I think I don't want

1987
01:27:23,750 --> 01:27:21,540
to quote an exact number percent because

1988
01:27:25,490 --> 01:27:23,760
I I don't remember off the top of my

1989
01:27:27,590 --> 01:27:25,500
head but I I mean it's something like on

1990
01:27:29,990 --> 01:27:27,600
the order of one or a few percent versus

1991
01:27:33,590 --> 01:27:30,000
planets that are much closer in are

1992
01:27:36,110 --> 01:27:33,600
closer to 50 transiting right so that's

1993
01:27:37,669 --> 01:27:36,120
why it's hard to look for Earth-like

1994
01:27:39,590 --> 01:27:37,679
twins because they're farther away and

1995
01:27:41,510 --> 01:27:39,600
they're less likely to Transit

1996
01:27:43,430 --> 01:27:41,520
great great I just want to make sure

1997
01:27:46,669 --> 01:27:43,440
that the public understands that you

1998
01:27:49,550 --> 01:27:46,679
know that that the likelihood of having

1999
01:27:51,830 --> 01:27:49,560
it pass by in that exact plane

2000
01:27:53,510 --> 01:27:51,840
um is kind of small and now you've

2001
01:27:55,370 --> 01:27:53,520
emphasized of course that and it's even

2002
01:27:57,590 --> 01:27:55,380
smaller the further you get out get away

2003
01:28:00,290 --> 01:27:57,600
from it right exactly and that's why

2004
01:28:01,910 --> 01:28:00,300
we're so biased to looking at really

2005
01:28:04,010 --> 01:28:01,920
close in planets because they are more

2006
01:28:06,470 --> 01:28:04,020
likely to Transit and so we see them

2007
01:28:10,010 --> 01:28:06,480
more frequently and hence an emphasis on

2008
01:28:13,010 --> 01:28:10,020
the mdorf opportunity right exactly

2009
01:28:16,250 --> 01:28:13,020
it definitely makes you call back just

2010
01:28:17,990 --> 01:28:16,260
how vast the distances are it's hard to

2011
01:28:20,330 --> 01:28:18,000
to imagine but when you take into

2012
01:28:22,910 --> 01:28:20,340
context light years of distance and then

2013
01:28:26,689 --> 01:28:22,920
like planets and transiting yeah right I

2014
01:28:28,250 --> 01:28:26,699
can't even imagine I know all right so

2015
01:28:31,310 --> 01:28:28,260
we've had two really technical questions

2016
01:28:33,649 --> 01:28:31,320
so let's have a little little easier one

2017
01:28:36,000 --> 01:28:33,659
um what's your favorite exoplanet and

2018
01:28:39,910 --> 01:28:36,010
why oh oh

2019
01:28:43,850 --> 01:28:39,920
[Laughter]

2020
01:28:48,470 --> 01:28:43,860
that's a really great question okay so I

2021
01:28:50,090 --> 01:28:48,480
I think that my favorite exoplanet I

2022
01:28:51,530 --> 01:28:50,100
feel like somebody is gonna say this is

2023
01:28:53,629 --> 01:28:51,540
a cop-out I'm gonna say one of the

2024
01:28:55,310 --> 01:28:53,639
Trappist planets which I feel like is

2025
01:28:57,590 --> 01:28:55,320
like saying Taylor Swift is your

2026
01:28:59,629 --> 01:28:57,600
favorite musician but whatever totally

2027
01:29:02,030 --> 01:28:59,639
true

2028
01:29:05,149 --> 01:29:02,040
um she is by the way

2029
01:29:09,050 --> 01:29:05,159
um but uh so I I'm gonna pick Trappist

2030
01:29:09,950 --> 01:29:09,060
one H which is the farthest out Trappist

2031
01:29:17,870 --> 01:29:09,960
planet

2032
01:29:20,149 --> 01:29:17,880
likely to be in the habitable zone and I

2033
01:29:23,270 --> 01:29:20,159
think I would suspect that if we were

2034
01:29:27,110 --> 01:29:23,280
gonna like find a planet that was

2035
01:29:30,890 --> 01:29:27,120
analogous to one of the icy moons of

2036
01:29:33,229 --> 01:29:30,900
that of the of Saturn or Jupiter it

2037
01:29:36,169 --> 01:29:33,239
would be that planet like it's in a

2038
01:29:38,270 --> 01:29:36,179
regime where there might be methane

2039
01:29:40,729 --> 01:29:38,280
there it could happen you know we have

2040
01:29:42,950 --> 01:29:40,739
no idea we haven't looked at it but I I

2041
01:29:44,629 --> 01:29:42,960
think that that is the most intriguing

2042
01:29:47,030 --> 01:29:44,639
planet to me

2043
01:29:48,709 --> 01:29:47,040
cool cool and of course the follow-up

2044
01:29:50,450 --> 01:29:48,719
question would be did you get tickets

2045
01:29:53,780 --> 01:29:50,460
for Taylor Swift's concert series this

2046
01:29:56,510 --> 01:29:53,790
fall yes I did

2047
01:29:59,030 --> 01:29:56,520
[Laughter]

2048
01:30:02,390 --> 01:29:59,040
you you lucked out on that my daughter

2049
01:30:04,370 --> 01:30:02,400
my daughter also lucked out so I got a

2050
01:30:06,410 --> 01:30:04,380
shout out to my friend guangway he was

2051
01:30:09,350 --> 01:30:06,420
the one who got his tickets so thanks

2052
01:30:13,850 --> 01:30:11,510
all right um we're getting on in time

2053
01:30:15,050 --> 01:30:13,860
here Grant so I think I'm gonna yeah one

2054
01:30:18,709 --> 01:30:15,060
more question

2055
01:30:21,229 --> 01:30:18,719
okay uh let me pick

2056
01:30:24,229 --> 01:30:21,239
uh oh I have to can I do two all right

2057
01:30:26,510 --> 01:30:24,239
let's do two okay Katie's been really

2058
01:30:29,030 --> 01:30:26,520
good I I yeah well I don't really want

2059
01:30:30,290 --> 01:30:29,040
to limit her but I feel like I should

2060
01:30:33,530 --> 01:30:30,300
that's fair

2061
01:30:36,530 --> 01:30:33,540
um okay so question uh do you think that

2062
01:30:39,110 --> 01:30:36,540
exoplanets can retain atmospheres close

2063
01:30:40,669 --> 01:30:39,120
to m-type main sequence Stars such as

2064
01:30:45,709 --> 01:30:40,679
red dwarf

2065
01:30:50,570 --> 01:30:45,719
oh yes I I spend uh most of my time

2066
01:30:55,910 --> 01:30:52,070
uh

2067
01:30:57,830 --> 01:30:55,920
I suspect and this is just a guess

2068
01:31:00,110 --> 01:30:57,840
because again we've only looked at a

2069
01:31:01,910 --> 01:31:00,120
handful of them I was about to give the

2070
01:31:05,209 --> 01:31:01,920
caveat you may not have the data yet

2071
01:31:08,450 --> 01:31:05,219
right we do not have the data yet

2072
01:31:12,169 --> 01:31:08,460
my hunch is that most of them are

2073
01:31:14,390 --> 01:31:12,179
stripped and don't have spheres so my

2074
01:31:18,470 --> 01:31:14,400
hunch is that many of them are like

2075
01:31:22,669 --> 01:31:18,480
Mercury bear Rock no planet and that we

2076
01:31:25,250 --> 01:31:22,679
will see many Flatline Spectra in the

2077
01:31:28,610 --> 01:31:25,260
next year or so and that's okay right

2078
01:31:31,430 --> 01:31:28,620
because that is also you know really

2079
01:31:33,110 --> 01:31:31,440
cool to understand and that actually I

2080
01:31:34,790 --> 01:31:33,120
mean if if we were to see that if we

2081
01:31:38,090 --> 01:31:34,800
were to just find out that this whole

2082
01:31:40,970 --> 01:31:38,100
slew of planets didn't have atmospheres

2083
01:31:42,830 --> 01:31:40,980
that we thought could one that tells us

2084
01:31:45,590 --> 01:31:42,840
a lot about

2085
01:31:47,870 --> 01:31:45,600
the Stellar astrophysics of what's going

2086
01:31:50,750 --> 01:31:47,880
on with these host stars and how strong

2087
01:31:51,709 --> 01:31:50,760
the high energy radiation is coming from

2088
01:31:52,850 --> 01:31:51,719
these

2089
01:31:56,330 --> 01:31:52,860
and

2090
01:31:59,990 --> 01:31:56,340
also important because most stars are M

2091
01:32:02,689 --> 01:32:00,000
Stars right like we if and if we were to

2092
01:32:05,330 --> 01:32:02,699
figure out that close in planets to M

2093
01:32:07,790 --> 01:32:05,340
Stars don't have atmospheres that would

2094
01:32:10,310 --> 01:32:07,800
basically like eliminate a whole

2095
01:32:12,530 --> 01:32:10,320
category a huge section of planets that

2096
01:32:15,590 --> 01:32:12,540
we thought could possibly be habitable

2097
01:32:17,570 --> 01:32:15,600
that aren't so it's it's a big one and

2098
01:32:20,930 --> 01:32:17,580
if they do have atmospheres then I mean

2099
01:32:24,350 --> 01:32:20,940
hooray that would be awesome to to start

2100
01:32:26,030 --> 01:32:24,360
to uncover them but uh my my and I and I

2101
01:32:28,189 --> 01:32:26,040
really say this because I've looked at

2102
01:32:31,250 --> 01:32:28,199
the graphs of the relative amounts of

2103
01:32:34,490 --> 01:32:31,260
high energy flux coming from M dwarfs

2104
01:32:36,830 --> 01:32:34,500
compared to stars like our sun and it's

2105
01:32:38,990 --> 01:32:36,840
orders of magnitude higher from these M

2106
01:32:41,510 --> 01:32:39,000
dwarfs so it would be like going and

2107
01:32:43,550 --> 01:32:41,520
getting blasted with XU like would you

2108
01:32:45,890 --> 01:32:43,560
or I like to be blasted with XUV

2109
01:32:48,709 --> 01:32:45,900
radiation all the time no we we don't

2110
01:32:50,330 --> 01:32:48,719
like our high energy radiation and I

2111
01:32:53,810 --> 01:32:50,340
suspect that a lot of these atmospheres

2112
01:32:56,149 --> 01:32:53,820
don't either right and the have ability

2113
01:32:58,430 --> 01:32:56,159
of the planets you know around you know

2114
01:32:59,810 --> 01:32:58,440
if you're getting high energy radiation

2115
01:33:02,209 --> 01:32:59,820
I mean we think about just the

2116
01:33:04,189 --> 01:33:02,219
ultraviolet radiation that we we worry

2117
01:33:05,629 --> 01:33:04,199
about in terms of skin cancer and such

2118
01:33:09,770 --> 01:33:05,639
right

2119
01:33:11,990 --> 01:33:09,780
um the M dwarf stars you know they

2120
01:33:13,550 --> 01:33:12,000
are very eruptive in in some in some of

2121
01:33:16,790 --> 01:33:13,560
their cases such

2122
01:33:18,590 --> 01:33:16,800
but I I will say you know in in the lure

2123
01:33:20,510 --> 01:33:18,600
of uh bad jokes

2124
01:33:22,669 --> 01:33:20,520
um you mentioned that these flatliners

2125
01:33:24,410 --> 01:33:22,679
would have no atmosphere and if they're

2126
01:33:25,850 --> 01:33:24,420
flatliners that make some dead planets

2127
01:33:27,530 --> 01:33:25,860
right

2128
01:33:29,930 --> 01:33:27,540
so they don't have anything to worry

2129
01:33:36,470 --> 01:33:32,090
the flat planet or a superhero origin

2130
01:33:41,689 --> 01:33:40,550
okay last question one more yes

2131
01:33:44,870 --> 01:33:41,699
um okay

2132
01:33:48,649 --> 01:33:44,880
uh is it possible to look for a planet

2133
01:33:50,149 --> 01:33:48,659
with an active molten core

2134
01:33:51,590 --> 01:33:50,159
um would it protect the planet with a

2135
01:33:54,649 --> 01:33:51,600
magnetic field is that something that

2136
01:33:58,450 --> 01:33:54,659
you were able to discern

2137
01:34:03,950 --> 01:34:01,610
okay uh yes so could we detect a planet

2138
01:34:06,050 --> 01:34:03,960
with a molten core that would have a

2139
01:34:07,970 --> 01:34:06,060
magnetic field

2140
01:34:11,750 --> 01:34:07,980
um so

2141
01:34:15,590 --> 01:34:11,760
I think one day yes I think today not

2142
01:34:19,250 --> 01:34:15,600
yet we could we we are actually closer

2143
01:34:22,610 --> 01:34:19,260
to being able to detect a molten surface

2144
01:34:25,310 --> 01:34:22,620
so we think that some planets that are

2145
01:34:27,590 --> 01:34:25,320
really close to their stars are so hot

2146
01:34:30,590 --> 01:34:27,600
that their surface is actually just like

2147
01:34:33,950 --> 01:34:30,600
pure magma and if they don't have an

2148
01:34:36,229 --> 01:34:33,960
atmosphere we can actually use a similar

2149
01:34:39,649 --> 01:34:36,239
technique to look at the composition of

2150
01:34:42,709 --> 01:34:39,659
the surface itself and say oh wow yes

2151
01:34:45,350 --> 01:34:42,719
this is a molten lava Planet we've

2152
01:34:47,810 --> 01:34:45,360
started to call them so we might be able

2153
01:34:51,169 --> 01:34:47,820
to do that actually I think we will be

2154
01:34:54,169 --> 01:34:51,179
able to do that soon with web as far as

2155
01:34:56,810 --> 01:34:54,179
a multi so we care about molten

2156
01:34:59,030 --> 01:34:56,820
Interiors because if a planet has a

2157
01:35:01,310 --> 01:34:59,040
molten interior that's what drives a

2158
01:35:03,290 --> 01:35:01,320
magnetic field

2159
01:35:05,750 --> 01:35:03,300
um and there are there are people

2160
01:35:08,990 --> 01:35:05,760
working on how to detect magnetic fields

2161
01:35:11,990 --> 01:35:09,000
in exoplanets but right now uh just like

2162
01:35:14,689 --> 01:35:12,000
the start basically gas giants are about

2163
01:35:17,209 --> 01:35:14,699
a decade ahead of where we are with

2164
01:35:19,370 --> 01:35:17,219
rocky planets maybe even a decade to two

2165
01:35:20,930 --> 01:35:19,380
decades ahead of where we are with rocky

2166
01:35:22,910 --> 01:35:20,940
planet so just like at first when we

2167
01:35:24,890 --> 01:35:22,920
started only to being able to detect

2168
01:35:26,750 --> 01:35:24,900
large gas giants and it wasn't until

2169
01:35:28,729 --> 01:35:26,760
much later that we could detect rocky

2170
01:35:30,169 --> 01:35:28,739
planets you know right now we are

2171
01:35:32,149 --> 01:35:30,179
starting to ask this question in

2172
01:35:34,729 --> 01:35:32,159
relation to gas giants because it would

2173
01:35:36,770 --> 01:35:34,739
be much easier to answer it there

2174
01:35:38,810 --> 01:35:36,780
because the signals will be larger and

2175
01:35:40,970 --> 01:35:38,820
then once we get a handle on can we

2176
01:35:45,050 --> 01:35:40,980
measure magnetic fields and gas giants

2177
01:35:47,330 --> 01:35:45,060
then we can start to push down into the

2178
01:35:48,890 --> 01:35:47,340
rocky planet regime so I I suspect that

2179
01:35:50,810 --> 01:35:48,900
one day we will have an answer to this

2180
01:35:54,470 --> 01:35:50,820
question but I don't think that we will

2181
01:35:55,970 --> 01:35:54,480
be able to do it in the next door so but

2182
01:35:58,370 --> 01:35:55,980
we will be able to determine if planet

2183
01:36:01,129 --> 01:35:58,380
has molten lava on its surface which is

2184
01:36:02,870 --> 01:36:01,139
also very cool that's a that's a that's

2185
01:36:05,689 --> 01:36:02,880
a really cool substitute for any of them

2186
01:36:07,850 --> 01:36:05,699
yeah I I think one of the caveats we

2187
01:36:10,430 --> 01:36:07,860
always have to remind people is that um

2188
01:36:12,709 --> 01:36:10,440
like I showed the HR diagram in my intro

2189
01:36:14,450 --> 01:36:12,719
talk right and that's a diagram of all

2190
01:36:17,270 --> 01:36:14,460
the different types of stars right if

2191
01:36:18,890 --> 01:36:17,280
you did a similar diagram for planets a

2192
01:36:20,930 --> 01:36:18,900
lot of it would be blank because we just

2193
01:36:24,430 --> 01:36:20,940
don't see it we don't have the

2194
01:36:29,510 --> 01:36:24,440
capability to see it you know um I uh

2195
01:36:31,129 --> 01:36:29,520
Saturn has a 30-year orbit okay so it's

2196
01:36:33,470 --> 01:36:31,139
only been 30 years since we started

2197
01:36:36,290 --> 01:36:33,480
discovering exoplas if we're trying to

2198
01:36:38,330 --> 01:36:36,300
use if we need a couple orbits uh in

2199
01:36:40,550 --> 01:36:38,340
order to see a Saturn it needs to be 60

2200
01:36:42,709 --> 01:36:40,560
to 90 years of observation before we

2201
01:36:44,270 --> 01:36:42,719
really see a Saturn in a Saturn sized

2202
01:36:47,990 --> 01:36:44,280
orbit even though we can detect a Saturn

2203
01:36:51,169 --> 01:36:48,000
sized Planet so there's a whole lot of

2204
01:36:53,510 --> 01:36:51,179
of planets that are out there that we

2205
01:36:55,129 --> 01:36:53,520
just can't detect yet and so that's is

2206
01:36:57,770 --> 01:36:55,139
why you are in such a growing field

2207
01:37:00,110 --> 01:36:57,780
right and if I were in graduate school

2208
01:37:02,390 --> 01:37:00,120
again this is where I I'd be an

2209
01:37:04,669 --> 01:37:02,400
exoplanets too so you know thumbs up for

2210
01:37:05,950 --> 01:37:04,679
your choice that's very validating thank

2211
01:37:08,810 --> 01:37:05,960
you

2212
01:37:12,169 --> 01:37:08,820
I do cosmology because it was the 90s

2213
01:37:13,870 --> 01:37:12,179
and it was yes so cosmology is great too

2214
01:37:17,649 --> 01:37:13,880
okay

2215
01:37:19,990 --> 01:37:17,659
leading into you know uh the

2216
01:37:23,450 --> 01:37:20,000
cosmological constant and everything

2217
01:37:26,390 --> 01:37:23,460
some cool times to do

2218
01:37:29,209 --> 01:37:26,400
all right well thank you Katie

2219
01:37:31,610 --> 01:37:29,219
um really a great look into you know

2220
01:37:33,709 --> 01:37:31,620
what we know and what we're gonna know

2221
01:37:34,669 --> 01:37:33,719
and the this tease of where we're

2222
01:37:37,129 --> 01:37:34,679
getting through

2223
01:37:41,870 --> 01:37:37,139
um I gotta say that again that that that

2224
01:37:44,149 --> 01:37:41,880
wasp 39b stuff was amazing data

2225
01:37:46,610 --> 01:37:44,159
um and so we look forward to many more

2226
01:37:48,950 --> 01:37:46,620
of those things and um hopefully in your

2227
01:37:51,590 --> 01:37:48,960
PhD thesis some absolutely amazing

2228
01:37:53,330 --> 01:37:51,600
discoveries okay yeah thank you so much

2229
01:37:56,209 --> 01:37:53,340
for having me it was a pleasure to be

2230
01:38:00,410 --> 01:37:56,219
here all right well to our audience

2231
01:38:02,390 --> 01:38:00,420
thank you for watching uh May 2nd uh

2232
01:38:05,450 --> 01:38:02,400
Amanda pagul will be talking about

2233
01:38:08,090 --> 01:38:05,460
Galaxy clusters and the frontier fields